scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN ABU BATUBARA SEBAGAI MATERIAL TANAH DASAR DI TAMBANG BATU HIJAU, SUMBAWA BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 595-602
Author(s):  
Mara Maswahenu ◽  
Firmansyah Firmansyah ◽  
Aulya Salsabila
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Base ◽  
Access Road ◽  
Leaching Procedure ◽  
Radionuclide Activity

ABSTRAK Pemanfaatan abu batubara (Fly Ash B409 dan Bottom Ash B410) yang sebelumnya dimanfaatkan oleh PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara (PTAMNT) di tambang Batu Hijau sebagai substitusi semen dalam pembuatan beton hanya menyerap 1,7% dari total abu batubara yang dihasilkan. PLTU PTAMNT dapat menghasilkan ± 1.000 ton abu batubara per bulan. Tujuan pemanfaatan abu batubara sebagai material campuran lapisan tanah dasar adalah meningkatkan penerapan prinsip 3R limbah B3 secara internal (sampai dengan 100%) dan mengurangi biaya perawatan dan perbaikan jalan dengan meningkatnya kualitas lapisan tanah dasar. Pada awal tahun 2018, PTAMNT telah memulai kajian pemanfaatan abu batubara sebagai bahan lapisan tanah dasar (road base) dan telah memperoleh izin pemanfataan abu batubara sebagai substitusi bahan baku tanah lapisan dasar (subgrade) sesuai Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Nomor SK.337/Menlhk/Setjen/PLB.3/5/2019   tanggal 13 Mei 2019. Beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan sesuai persyaratan yang telah ditentukan dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 101 Tahun 2014 dan dalam izin pemanfaatan,  termasuk diantaranya uji Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), Loss on Ignition (LoI), Total Oksida Logam,  uji California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratorium dengan berbagai komposisi pencampuran tanah dan abu batubara, serta uji aktivitas radionuklida.  Hasil uji sampel campuran abu batubara menunjukan bahwa (1) semua hasil analisis TCLP berada di bawah baku mutu pada Lampiran III dan IV PP101 Tahun 2014, (2) nilai LoI sebesar 8,4%, (3) nilai total oksida logam (penjumlahan SiO2, Al2O3, dan Fe2O3) sebesar 66,1% (kelas C menurut ASTM C618012a dan SNI 2460:2014),  (4) pencampuran tanah dengan abu batubara dapat menaikkan nilai CBR (4-18%), dan (5) aktivitas radionuklida setiap parameter kurang dari 1Bq/gram.  Dinyatakan bahwa pencampuran abu batubara pada lapisan tanah dasar (road base) secara teknis dapat memberikan peningkatan kekuatan daya dukung tanah dasar dengan menaikkan hydraulic conductivity dan menurunkan permeabilitas tanah. Pemanfaatan ini (yang mana telah mendapatkan izin sesuai peraturan perundangan yang berlaku) dapat diaplikasikan pada jalan akses di area reklamasi timbunan batuan penutup dengan ketebalan 2.00 meter atau jalan umum di area sekitar Batu Hijau dengan ketebalan 0.50 meter. Komposisi abu batubara yang dicampurkan maksimal 50% dari berat total campuran tanah dasar Keywords: Abu batubara, Limbah B3, pemanfaatan, 3R  ABSTRACT Coal ash utilization (Fly Ash B409 dan Bottom Ash B410) that has been conducted by PT Amman Mineral Nusa Tenggara (PTAMNT) in Batu Hijau Mine as cement substitute for concrete production was only be able to absorb 1.7% of the total coal ash produced. PTAMNT’s Coal Power Plant can produce ±1,000 m3 coal ash each month. The purposes of utilizing coal ash as road base material blend are to increase the principal application of hazardous waste 3R internally (up to 100%) and to reduce road maintenance and repair cost by increasing the road base quality. In the early 2018, PTAMNT has started the study to utilize coal ash as a road base material blend and acquired the permit based on The Decree of Minister of Environmental Affairs and Forestry Number SK.337/Menlhk/Setjen/PLB.3/5/2019 dated 13 May 2019. Several tests had been run according to the regulated requirements on Government Regulations Number 101 Year 2014, in which include Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test, Loss on Ignition (LoI), Total Metal Oxide, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) laboratory test with several composition of blend between soil and coal ash, and radionuclide activity test. The result of the given test showed that (1) all TCLP analysis were below the quality standards written on Attachment III and IV PP101 Year 2014, (2) LoI value of 8.4%, (3) total metal oxide (addition of SiO2, Al2O3, dan Fe2O3) value of 66.1% (class C according to ASTM C618012a and SNI 2460:2014), (4) increased CBR value (4-18%) as a result of soil-coal ash blend, (5) radionuclide activity for each parameter is less than 1 Bq/gram. It is stated that coal ash blending on road base material can increase the strength capacity technically by increasing the hydraulic conductivity and reducing soil permeability. This utilization (which already obtained the permit pursuant to prevailing laws and regulations) can be applied on the access road of waste rock dump reclamation with 2,00 meter thickness or primary access road around Batu Hijau with 0.50 meter thickness. The maximum total composition of coal ash is 50% of the total weight of the road base. Keywords: Coal Ash, Hazardous Waste, Utilization, 3R

scholarly journals Leachability of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) Incorporated with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash by Using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP)

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 1271-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aeslina Abdul Kadir ◽  
Mohd Ikhmal Haqeem Hassan ◽  
Eric Cheah Keng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure ◽  
Self Compacting Concrete ◽  
Concrete Technology ◽  
Leaching Procedure

The process of combustion in coal fired power plant generates ashes, namely fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA). In addition, coal ash generated from coal combustion generally contains heavy metals within their compositions. These metals are toxic to the environment as well as to the human health. Fortunately, treatment methods are available for these ashes and the use of FA and BA in concrete mix is one of the few. As such, this study presents the work in determining the leachability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) incorporated with FA and BA. The ashes were obtained from Kapar Energy Ventures power plant in Kapar, Selangor. SCC mixtures incorporated with 10%, 20% and 30% FA (replacing cement) and BA (replacing sand) respectively was formulated and casted. The samples were then crushed to be extracted using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and heavy metals content within the samples were identified accordingly using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). From the results, it was found that incorporation up to 30% of the ashes were safe as the leached heavy metals concentration did not exceed the regulatory levels, except for arsenic (As). On the other hand, incorporation of 20% FA and BA each in SCC provided the most economically viable product, with high strength and low leachate concentrations. In conclusion, this study will serve as a reference which suggests that FA and BA are widely applicable in concrete technology and its incorporation in SCC constitutes a potential means of adding value with appropriate mix and design.

Utilization of coal ash from fluidized-bed combustion boilers as road base material

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Takada ◽  
I. Hashimoto ◽  
K. Tsutsumi ◽  
Y. Shibata ◽  
S. Yamamuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Road Base

Research on the Mechanical Performance of the Road Base Materials with Steel Slag Sand

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 676-680
Author(s):  
Fang Xu ◽  
Ming Kai Zhou ◽  
Jian Ping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Strength Performance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Base ◽  
Base Materials

The unconfined compressive strength is used to be the valuation index, the mechanical performance of three kinds of new road base material, which are fly ash stabilized steel slag sand (FA-SS for short), lime and fly ash stabilized steel slag sand (L-FA-SS for short), cement and fly ash stabilized steel slag sand(C-FA-SS for short), are studied in this paper. The results show that the unconfined compressive strength performance of FA-SS is similar to L-FA-SS, and it can meet the highest strength when the ratio of steel slag to fly ash is 1:1~2:1. When the ratio of fly ash to the steel slag is 10:90, it is good to use cement stabilizing. Comparing the new road base materials with the traditional road base material, the former has better strength performance and economy function advantage.

scholarly journals Ecological Risk Indicators for Leached Heavy Metals from Coal Ash Generated at a Malaysian Power Plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10222
Author(s):  
Teh Sabariah Binti Abd Manan ◽  
Salmia Beddu ◽  
Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal ◽  
Daud Mohamad ◽  
Zarina Itam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Model Risk ◽  
Leaching Procedure ◽  
Significant Model

The application of coal ash (CA) in construction industries has grown rapidly, posing risk to the environment due to heavy metals leaching from the material. This research presents a simulation of ecological risk assessment and model risk indicators (ERI) of leached heavy metals (lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As)) from CA (FA: fly ash and BA: bottom ash) via response surface methodology (RSM). The ERI values were based on quantified leached heavy metals from the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP-1311) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP-1312). The ecological risk index (RI ) values for TCLP were 10.27 × 100 (FA), 9.91 × 100 (BA) and 12.58 × 100 (FA + BA); whereas RI for SPLP were 10.34 × 100 (FA), 9.90 × 100 (BA) and 12.61 × 100 (FA + BA). Twenty-nine combinations of operations were evaluated based on Box-Behnken design with ERI as the response variable. The established model risk indicator (i.e., coded and actual factors) of Pb, Cu, Zn and ‘As’ showed significant model terms that describe their relationship very well, perfectly fit to the corresponding ERI (sum of squares = 0.4160, F value = 682,375.55) with probability of 0.01% for an F-value could occur due to noise. The optimized models were validated with error percentage of less than 5%. The established ERI models showed significant model terms and will be useful for ecological monitoring of CA application in construction industries.

scholarly journals Studies on Technology of Mass Production and Quality Control in Road Base Material Using Coal Ash.

1998 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-379
Author(s):  
YASUNORI SHIBATA ◽  
KAZUO OZASA ◽  
KAZUO TSUZURA ◽  
HIDETOSI IZUMI
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
Road Base

scholarly journals Modification of Lime-Fly Ash-Crushed Stone with Phosphogypsum for Road Base

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Weikang Song
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Crushed Stone ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Base ◽  
Shrinkage Cracks ◽  
Phosphogypsum Waste

In order to increase the recycling of phosphogypsum waste, this study explored the feasibility of using phosphogypsum to replace some of the lime and aggregate in the lime-fly ash-crushed stone mixture which is a widely used road base material in China. For this purpose, compaction, compressive strength, composition structures, wetting-drying cycle tests, and shrinkage tests were carried out on the lime-fly ash-phosphogypsum-crushed stone composite to investigate its performance. The results indicate that lime-fly ash-crushed stone modified with phosphogypsum has the required strength of the road base material and favourable performances in environment (wetting-drying cycle) stability. The image processing analysis and shrinkage tests demonstrated that phosphogypsum can significantly improve the compactness and shrinkage performance of lime-fly ash-crushed stone mixture. A suitable content of phosphogypsum and a reasonable content of fine aggregate are conducive to improving the roadway engineering properties (i.e., decreasing shrinkage cracks and increasing compressive strength) of lime-fly ash-phosphogypsum-crushed stone composites.

Feasible Experimental Study on the Utilization of a 300MW CFB Boiler Desulfurizating Bottom Ash for Construction Applications

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Lu ◽  
R. S. Amano
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Road Base ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Disposal Cost

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler has entered electric power industry field because of burning a wide range of fuels, while still achieving strict air emissions requirements. This study focuses on a 300MW CFB boiler, which will be one of the largest CFB boiler in the world. In a CFB boiler, fuels were burned with the addition of limestone to capture SO2 in a solid form. Therefore, the volume of ashes, both bottom ash and fly ash, discharged from a CFB boiler is much higher than the ashes discharged from a pulverized coal-fired (PC) boiler at the same capacity of the boiler. CFB boiler ash cannot be used as a cement replacement in concrete due to its unacceptably high sulfur content. The disposal in landfills has been the most common means of handling ash in circulating fluidized bed boiler power plants. However, for a 300MW CFB boiler power plant, there will be 600,000tons of ash discharged per year and will result in great volumes and disposal cost of ash byproduct. It was very necessary to solve the utilization of CFB ash and to decrease the disposal cost of CFB ash. The feasible experimental study results on the utilization of the bottom ashes of a 300MW CFB boiler in Baima power plant in China were reported in this paper. The bottom ashes used for test came from the discharged bottom ashes in a 100MW CFB boiler in which the anthracite and limestone designed for the 300MW CFB project was burned. The results of this study showed that the bottom ash could be used for cementitious material, road concrete, and road base material. The masonry cements, road concrete with 30MPa compressive strength and 4.0MPa flexural strength, and the road base material used for base courses of the expressway, the main road and the minor lane were all prepared with milled CFB bottom ashes in the lab. The better methods of utilization of the bottom ashes were discussed in this paper.

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