Formulation of New Media from Dairy and Brewery Wastes for a Sustainable Production of DHA-Rich Oil by Aurantiochytrium mangrovei

Mozzarella stretching water (MSW) is a dairy effluent generated from mozzarella cheese production that does not have a real use and is destined to disposal, causing environmental problems and representing a high disposal cost for dairy producers. Spent brewery yeast (SBY) is another promising food waste produced after brewery manufacturing that could be recycled in new biotechnological processes. Aurantiochytrium mangrovei is an aquatic protist known as producer of bioactive lipids such as omega 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LC-PUFA), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work MSW and SBY have been used to formulate new sustainable growth media for A. mangrovei cultivation and production of DHA in an attempt to valorize these effluents. MSW required an enzymatic hydrolysis to enhance the biomass production. The new media obtained from hydrolysed MSW was also optimized using response surface methodologies, obtaining 10.14 g L−1 of biomass in optimized medium, with a DHA content of 1.21 g L−1.

Effectiveness of Microwave Drying for Shrimp Aquaculture Sludge

The disposal of the shrimp aquaculture sludge requires large area and high amount of disposal cost. The improper treatment and disposal can cause soil and water pollution. Sludge drying is an effective solution to reduce the weight of sludge and eventually reduces the disposal cost. This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of thermal treatment on drying shrimp sludge at different power and time of 270W, 450 W 630W and 60s to 390s, respectively. Heavy metals concentrations and chemical compounds were also determined. Results reveal that the best drying rate recorded were at power and time of 630 W and 240s, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum (FTIR) shows that the main groups presence are aliphatic chains with double bonds, as well as carbonyl, hydroxyl and N–H groups in organic compounds. Sludge drying has proven to be effective in reducing moisture content and organic matters for shrimp aquaculture sludge. It could be considered as one of the alternative methods to handle sludge.

Experimental and Analytical Investigation for Reduction in Cost of Polyurethane Waste Disposal at Adani Hazira Port Pvt. Ltd.

Adani hazira Port handles all types of cargo including bulk, break-bulk, bulk liquid chemicals, petroleum products & edible oil, containers, automotive and crude. project includes to investigation and estimation of reduction in cost of pig foam by experimental data collection and analysis of the pig foam for manufacturing of foam squeezing machine. and study the property of same.Adani is facing issue of more use of polyurethane foam, high disposal cost of polyurethane, higher time of reutilization. pipeline clearance is done with pigging operation. work plan is to Reduction in cost of foam pig utilization per annum, reduction in cost of polyurethane foam disposal. Keyword: 1. Project Management , 2. Waste Management, 3. Pipeline management , 4. Mechanical Engineering.

Rethinking Salt Supply Chains: Cost and Emissions Analysis for Coproduction of Salt and Fresh Water from U.S. Seawater

Is it feasible to build desalination plants for the coproduction of salt and fresh water from U.S. seawater that could lead to a restructuring of supply chains for salt imports? As it is predicted that climate change will increase water stress worldwide, an increasing number of countries are using desalination plants to generate fresh water. In most such cases, residual concentrates must be disposed of, and the disposal cost is increasing as countries are becoming more environmentally conscious. Selective salt recovery can help to alleviate this issue as it reduces the need for concentrate disposal and generates additional revenue. To gain some insights into the costs and benefits of coproduction plants, we have collected data on current desalination practices and salt imports in the United States along with the manufacturing costs and energy requirements for coproduction plants. We have used this data to build an optimization model to determine an optimal number and location of coproduction plants in the United States and their potential markets for the sale of coproduced salt. In our analysis, we consider a different total number of coproduction facilities, and for each configuration, we evaluate the resulting net water cost and carbon emissions impact. Our results indicate that there exists the potential for building several coproduction plants in the United States that would be both financially competitive with existing desalination plants and lead to a reduction in carbon emissions. This information might be of use to both governments and businesses when they make decisions about the type of desalination facilities built and the implemented “polluter pays” policies. This paper was accepted by Beril Toktay, Special Issue of Management Science: Business and Climate Change.

Effectiveness of Microwave Drying for Shrimp Aquaculture Sludge

The disposal of the shrimp aquaculture sludge requires large area and high amount of disposal cost. The improper treatment and disposal can cause soil and water pollution. Sludge drying is an effective solution to reduce the weight of sludge and eventually reduces the disposal cost. This study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of thermal treatment on drying shrimp sludge at different power and time of 270W, 450 W 630W and 60s to 390s, respectively. Heavy metals concentrations and chemical compounds were also determined. Results reveal that the best drying rate recorded were at power and time of 630 W and 240s, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum (FTIR) shows that the main groups presence are aliphatic chains with double bonds, as well as carbonyl, hydroxyl and N–H groups in organic compounds. Sludge drying has proven to be effective in reducing moisture content and organic matters for shrimp aquaculture sludge. It could be considered as one of the alternative methods to handle sludge.

Green Innovation and Competition: R&D Incentives in a Circular Economy

The present paper provides theoretical insights regarding the determinants of firms’ incentives to invest in a Circular Economy. The analysis relies on a Cournot model disaggregating the disposal cost in the production function. In a non-simultaneous sequential game, two risk-neutral firms are endowed with a green innovation project that, if successful, would reduce the overall production costs and implement a Circular Economy. Firms are plagued by asymmetric information about the exact value of the other firm’s innovation. In this setting, the R&D investment in a Circular Economy, by affecting the distribution of production and disposal costs, influences the production decisions of both the innovating and the rival firms. The sign of the impact depends on the firms’ strategy in the product market. Furthermore, the analysis points out that cooperation in R&D of firms competing in the product market reinforces incentives to invest in green innovation. This suggests that governments aimed to advance a Circular Economy should encourage firms’ cooperation.

Phytoextraction by harvesting dead leaves: Cadmium accumulation associated with the leaf senescence in Festuca arundinacea

Phytoextraction strategy by harvesting dead leaves provides non-stop phytoremediation and a great saving in disposal cost of hazardous plant residues. This strategy is entirely dependent upon the amount of cadmium (Cd) accumulated in dead leaves. However, it is unknown that whether the leaf Cd accumulation is associated with its senescence and how to regulate its Cd accumulation. This study showed that Cd was preferentially and consistently distributed to and accumulated in the senescent leaves with the new leaf emergence and the old leaf dieback under 75 µM of Cd stress in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Individual leaf monitoring from its emergence to senescence showed that Cd concentration increased exponentially with the leaf life cycle, while leaf biomass decreased gradually after 14 d of leaf emergence. The total amount of Cd accumulated in the leaf showed an exponential increase during leaf senescence, regardless of the leaf biomass loss. Our results demonstrated that leaf Cd accumulation was significantly associated with its senescence and the highest Cd accumulated in dead leaves could be contributed from the continuous Cd input during the leaf senescent process, indicating that further regulatory studies should be focused on the leaf senescence process to achieve higher Cd accumulation and phytoextraction efficiency by harvesting dead leaves.

Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

Potential of garnet sand as an unconventional resource of the critical high-technology metals scandium and rare earth elements

Scandium is a critical raw material that is essential for the EU economy because of its potential application in enabling technologies such as fuel cells and lightweight materials. As there is currently no secure supply of Sc, several projects worldwide evaluate potential Sc sources. While elsewhere in Europe emphasis is placed upon secondary resources such as red mud, we investigated the potential of industrial garnet sand and its waste products. Since Sc readily substitutes for Mg and Fe in the crystal lattice of garnet, the garnet minerals almandine and pyrope, in particular, may show high Sc concentrations. Garnet sand, after being used as an abrasive in the cutting and sandblasting industry, is recycled several times before it is finally considered waste which eventually must be disposed of. Extraction of Sc (and rare earth elements, REE) from such garnet sand may generate added value and thereby reduce disposal cost. The studied garnet sands from different mines in Australia, India and the U.S., and industrial garnet sands commercially available in Germany from different suppliers show average Sc concentrations of 93.7 mg/kg and 90.7 mg/kg, respectively, i.e. similar to red mud. Our data also show that “fresh” and recycled garnet sands yield similar Sc concentrations. Within the framework of a minimum-waste approach, it may be feasible to utilize the industrial waste-product “garnet sand” as an unconventional source of Sc and REE, that reduces disposal cost.