Can Trade and Remittances Flows Survive COVID-19 in Africa? Evidence from Symmetric Volatility Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Okwu Andy Titus ◽  
Akpa Emeka Okoro ◽  
Obiakor Rowland Tochukwu
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Volatility Model ◽  
The Cost

In this study, volatility in trade and remittances flows to Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic for the period 2004M1 to 2020M11 was modeled. The study evaluated the volatility using the symmetric GARCH (1, 1) univariate volatility model. Results revealed that a shock to exports during the COVID-19 pandemic was temporary and its recovery was quick. On the other hand, a shock to remittances was more enduring and persistent; and its variance reverted slowly. The study recommended that policies to promote export, especially of COVID-19 protective gears be implemented while efforts should be made to lower the cost of receiving remittances.

scholarly journals Analysis of Operational Efficiencies and Costs for Extracting Thinned Woods in Small-Scale Forestry, Nasunogahara Area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aruga
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Operation Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Manual Extraction ◽  
Truck Transportation

In this study, two operational methodologies to extract thinned woods were investigated in the Nasunogahara area, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Methodology one included manual extraction and light truck transportation. Methodology two included mini-forwarder forwarding and four-ton truck transportation. Furthermore, a newly introduced chipper was investigated. As a result, costs of manual extractions within 10 m and 20 m were JPY942/m3 and JPY1040/m3, respectively. On the other hand, the forwarding cost of the mini-forwarder was JPY499/m3, which was significantly lower than the cost of manual extractions. Transportation costs with light trucks and four-ton trucks were JPY7224/m3 and JPY1298/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances. Chipping operation costs were JPY1036/m3 and JPY1160/m3 with three and two persons, respectively. Finally, the total costs of methodologies one and two from extraction within 20 m to chipping were estimated as JPY9300/m3 and JPY2833/m3, respectively, with 28 km transportation distances and three-person chipping operations (EUR1 = JPY126, as of 12 August 2020).

The ‘Pistola’ of Cerveri de Girona

Traditio ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 161-185
Author(s):  
Kurt Lewent
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Love Affair ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Good Taste ◽  
Moral Argumentation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Troubadour Poetry

Cerveri was decidedly no poetical genius, and often enough he follows the trodden paths of troubadour poetry. However, there is no denying that again and again he tries to escape that poetical routine. In many cases these attempts result in odd and eccentric compositions, where the unusual is reached at the cost of good taste and poetical values. On the other hand, it must be admitted that Cerveri's efforts in this respect were not always futile. His is, e.g. an amusing satire upon bad women. One of his love songs, characteristically called libel by the MS (Sg), assumes the form of a complaint submitted to the king as the supreme earthly judge, in which the defendant is the lady whose charms torture the lover and have made him a prisoner. This poem combines the traditional praise of the beloved and a flattery addressed to the king. Its slightly humoristic tone is also found in a song entitled lo vers del vassayll leyal. Here Cerveri, basing himself on a certain legend connected with St. Mark, gives the king advice in his love affair. Again the poet kills two birds with one stone, flattering the sovereign and pointing, for obvious purposes, to his own poverty. The latter is the only topic of a remarkably personal poem in which the author complains bitterly that, while many of his playmates have become rich in later years, the only wealth he himself did amass were the chans gays and sonetz agradans which he composed for other people to enjoy. Cerveri even tries to renew the traditional genre of the chanson de la mal mariée by adding motifs of—presumably—his own invention. This tendency towards a more independent way of thinking and greater originality in its poetical presentation could not be better illustrated than by the two poems which the MS calls Lo vers de la terra de Preste Johan and Pistola The one puts the poet's moral argumentation against the background of the medieval legend of Prester John, the other, which forms the subject of the present study, sets its teachings in a still more solemn framework, the liturgy of the Mass.

STATELESS ONE-WAY MULTI-HEAD FINITE AUTOMATA WITH PEBBLES

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (08) ◽  
pp. 1141-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN KUTRIB ◽  
ANDREAS MALCHER ◽  
MATTHIAS WENDLANDT
Keyword(s):  
Finite Automata ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Emptiness Problem ◽  
The Cost

Stateless variants of deterministic one-way multi-head finite automata with pebbles, that is, automata where the heads can drop, sense, and pick up pebbles, are studied. The relation between heads and pebbles is investigated, and a proper double hierarchy concerning these two resources is obtained. Moreover, it is shown that a conversion of an arbitrary automaton to a stateless automaton can always be achieved at the cost of additional heads and/or pebbles. On the other hand, there are languages where one head cannot be traded for any number of additional pebbles and vice versa. Finally, the emptiness problem and related problems are shown to be undecidable even for the ‘simplest’ model, namely, for stateless one-way finite automata with two heads and one pebble.

completed machine would almost certainly be less than half that of a completed machine of the same kind. How s1(3) operates has been the subject of a detailed and critical analysis by Robert Goff J in the case of BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2), the defendant was granted a concession to explore for oil in Libya. He did not have the physical resources to carry out the exploration himself, so he sold a half share in the concession to BP, on condition that they would bear the initial cost of exploration. Accordingly, under this arrangement, BP’s expenses at the outset were likely to be very substantial, but on the assumption that oil was discovered, that expenditure would be recouped as oil continued to come on stream. The nature of the contract was that should oil not be discovered, the risk would be borne by BP, but, on the assumption that oil was discovered, BP’s expenses would be paid for out of the defendant’s receipts. Oil was discovered in 1967, but in 1971, the Libyan Government expropriated BP’s share of the concession and, in 1973, the defendant’s share was also expropriated. Accordingly, BP had received some payment, but this went only so far as to cover two-thirds of their initial expenditure. On the other hand, since the defendant had no expenses, all moneys received by him amounted to profit once the concession had been paid for. Goff J adopted a two stage approach to s1(3), stating that it was necessary first to identify and value what benefit had been conferred on the defendant, since on the wording of s1(3), this set a ceiling on the amount which could be awarded by way of a just sum. Secondly, it was necessary to award a just sum, taking account of the value of the benefit conferred and the cost to the performer of the work he had done prior to the frustrating event. For these purposes, the benefit to the defendant will be assessed by reference to the end product of the service provided by the other party: BP Exploration Co Ltd v Hunt (No 2) [1979] 1 WLR 783, p 799

1995 ◽  
pp. 388-392
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Elite collective agency and the state

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korkut Alp Ertürk
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Collective Agency ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Basic Insight

AbstractThe paper explores how elites can develop capacity for collective agency through coordination.. The challenge for elites is to simultaneously deter the state from abusing power while at the same time relying on it to discipline defectors in their midst..The basic insight holds that the credibility of the state's threats depends on the cost of carrying them out, which elites can control. The elites can coordinate by being compliant when the ruler's threats serve their collective interest, which by reducing the cost of carrying them out make them more credible. On the other hand, their coordinated non-compliance has the opposite effect...

scholarly journals PENGARUH BIAYA PRODUKSI TERHADAP HASIL PRODUKSI PADA HOME INDUSTRI SAMBEL PECEL DI KOTA MADIUN

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iin Purwanti
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
At Home

This study aims to determine the production cost home industry of sambel pecel, to determine sambel pecel production in Madiun, and to know is there any effect on the cost of production yield at home industry of sambel pecel Madiun. The samples in this study using a sample that is saturated all home industries of sambel pecel in the city of Madiun, amounting to 34 Home industry of pecel. Data collection using interviews and documentation. In analyzing the data used linear regression analysis to test the hypothesis put forward in this study.The results showed that the cost of production has an influence as well as a positive relationship to yield at Home industry of sambel pecel in the city of Madiun. It is derived from the value rhit rtab 0.339 0.982 whereas on the other hand Sighit value of 0.00 and Sigpro ≤ 0.05. This means that rhit ≥ rtab (0.982 ≥ 0.339) or Sighit ≤Sigpro (0.00 ≤ 0.05), which suggested a rejection of H0 means that production costs have a relationship with industrial production at home industry of sambel pecel at Madiun city. It also obtained the Fhit, while the value of 875.064 Ftab 4,149 value on the other hand is known Sighit 0.00 and Sigpro 0.05. This means that the Fhit ≥ Ftab (4.149≥875.064) ≤ Sighit≤ Sigpro (0,00 ≤ 0,05). Meaning a rejection of H0 which indicates that there is a cost impact of production on industrial production at home industry of sambel pecel at Madiun city. Also obtained regression coefficients (t test) with thit 29.581 ttab 1.693 on the other hand Sighit 0.00 and Sigpro 0.05. This means that the thit ≥ ttab(29.581 ≥ 1.693) or Sighit ≤ Sigpro (0,00 ≤ 0,05). Results R2 of 96.5%. Showed that 96.5% of the variable cost of production is affected production, while the remaining 3.5% is influenced by other factors.

scholarly journals STUDY ON THE CLARIFYING ADDITIVES FOR HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2A) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Le Thi Bang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
High Density Polyethylene ◽  
High Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Thermal Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

Bis-3,4- dimethyldibenzylidene sorbitol (DMDBS); bis-p-methylbenzylidene sorbitol (MDBS) and the mixture of DMDBS/MDBS (50/50) were studied through optical, thermal, mechanical properties and surface morphology. With the same amount of additive (DMDBS/MDBS mixture and DMDBS) in the material, the results are similar. On the other hand, using an additive mix reduces the cost of production due to MDBS. Furthermore, the additive mixture is used without producing odours. Therefore, the mixture of DMDBS/MDBS (50/50) is chosen.

scholarly journals Smallholders’ Access to Rural Credit: Evidence from Pakistan

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shehla Amjad ◽  
SAF Hasnu
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Family Labor ◽  
Informal Credit ◽  
Tenure Status ◽  
Rural Credit ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
The Cost

This paper presents an analysis of smallholders’ access to rural credit and the cost of borrowing using survey data from Pakistan. Rural credit in Pakistan comes from formal and various informal sources. The tenure status, family labor, literacy status, off-farm income, value of non-fixed assets and infrastructure quality are found to be the most important variables in determining access to formal credit. On the other hand, the total operated area, family labor, literacy status and off-farm income are found to be the most important factors in determining the credit status of the smallholders from informal sources. The results show that the cost of borrowing from formal sources falls as the size of holding increases. The analysis confirms the importance of informal credit, especially to the smallest of the smallholders and tenant cultivators.

scholarly journals Explicit isogenies in quadratic time in any characteristic

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (A) ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca De Feo ◽  
Cyril Hugounenq ◽  
Jérôme Plût ◽  
Éric Schost
Keyword(s):  
Finite Field ◽  
Elliptic Curves ◽  
Large Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Field ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Previous Algorithm ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Interesting Alternative ◽  
Refined Version

Consider two ordinary elliptic curves$E,E^{\prime }$defined over a finite field$\mathbb{F}_{q}$, and suppose that there exists an isogeny$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$between$E$and$E^{\prime }$. We propose an algorithm that determines$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}$from the knowledge of$E$,$E^{\prime }$and of its degree$r$, by using the structure of the$\ell$-torsion of the curves (where $\ell$ is a prime different from the characteristic $p$of the base field). Our approach is inspired by a previous algorithm due to Couveignes, which involved computations using the$p$-torsion on the curves. The most refined version of that algorithm, due to De Feo, has a complexity of $\tilde{O} (r^{2})p^{O(1)}$base field operations. On the other hand, the cost of our algorithm is$\tilde{O} (r^{2})\log (q)^{O(1)}$, for a large class of inputs; this makes it an interesting alternative for the medium- and large-characteristic cases.

scholarly journals Optimization of a Kitting Line: A Case Study

Robotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Comand ◽  
Riccardo Minto ◽  
Giovanni Boschetti ◽  
Maurizio Faccio ◽  
Giulio Rosati
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Assembly System ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Flexible Assembly ◽  
Vision Inspection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

Assembly kitting lines typically deal with components that present different quantities in the final kit. Re-configurable feeders are not advisable for low quantity components since this solution leads to high inefficiency, due to the time required for retooling and for the feeding rate unbalance between the components. On the other hand a fully flexible feeder can increase the flexibility of the system at the cost of reducing the throughput. An assembly kitting problem was therefore addressed in different ways for low quantity components and high quantity components, studying the two different subsystems that compose a hybrid flexible assembly system. To optimize the re-configurable feeders, which supply the high quantity components, the opening sequence of a system composed by several hoppers was analyzed. We propose a solution which replaces the weighing device with a vision inspection system, showing its impact on the productivity of the line. A model coded into a Matlab script was developed to perform the optimization of the system and understand its behavior. Furthermore a fully flexible assembly system was developed in the laboratory in order to test the kitting of the low quantity components with the proposed subsystem. Finally the Overall Equipment Effectiveness of the line was calculated to evaluate the possible improvements obtained by the proposed solution.

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