The potential for increasing the productivity of Indonesian silk farmers

Natural silk is one of the sources of livelihood for rural Indonesians. However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, natural silk production has been affected. During the pandemic, the community implements health protocols such as keeping physical distance and physical contact. Meanwhile, the natural silk business is a labor-intensive business that involves a lot of labor, so a strategy is needed in order that silk farmers could continue running their productive business to meet the necessities of life. This paper aims to provide information on the potential for the economic increase of Indonesian silk farmers through sericulture technological applications. The research used desk study, descriptive qualitative, and quantitative methods with the study locations in Sulawesi, Gorontalo, and Java Provinces. The results of the study show that the technology input through the mulberry hybrid and silkworm hybrids can increase farmers’ cocoon production by 21.4% - 36.4% with an increase of silk filament production by 75.4% -358.8% per silkworm box. In addition, the use of mulberry hybrids and standard silkworm rearing room is also a potential for silk farmers to increase the number of silkworms raised with the same resource capital in the form of land ownership area and number of family labor. The application of sericulture technology is indispensable as one of the solutions in increasing the productivity of silk farmers in the pandemic era hence a sustainable socialization of technology is needed.

Indigenous Family Labor in Agroforestry Systems in the Context of Global Transformations: The Case of the Inga and Camëntsá Communities in Putumayo, Colombia

The Camëntsá and Inga indigenous communities still rely on agroforestry systems for their livelihood attainment, although globalization effects have also reached their settlements. Agroforestry systems, especially home gardens, are experiencing reduced size and species diversity and therefore gradually disappearing. This research aims to determine the indigenous family labor contribution to agroforestry systems as a strategy to secure their livelihoods. The methods include a census, household survey, interviews with key informants, and direct observation. Family labor contributes to reducing production costs in agroforestry systems. Three groups of households were identified from the cluster analysis to determine the family labor contribution: smaller, medium-sized, and larger farms. The smaller farms register better economic indicators compared to the other two groups. In addition, they show a positive cost–benefit ratio and profitability, which is explained by lower production costs compared to the gross income generated. Although larger farms have higher gross revenues, these households also assume higher production costs and incur higher input costs. Medium-sized farms face the worst scenario. There is a relationship between the use of family labor and the achievement of livelihoods related to economic indicators and biodiversity and the variety of species harvested on farms and used for self-consumption. Family labor helps to ensure local food security and generate income.

The Effect of Agricultural Extension Access on The Performance of Smallholder Sugarcane Farmers in Indonesia

Agricultural extension plays a crucial role in the Indonesian Agricultural Revitalization Program for the 2005-2025 periods, where sugarcane is one of the fourteen priority crops. The provision of an agricultural extension was aimed to increase the income and productivity of sugarcane farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of agricultural extension access on smallholder sugarcane farmers' performance in Indonesia. This study used data from the 2014 Indonesian Sugarcane Farm Household Survey, consisting of 8,831 farmers. This study employed propensity score matching to estimate the effect of access to an agricultural extension on several outcome variables. These variables were gross value-added (GVA), net value added (NVA), labor productivity (LP), land productivity (LDP), net income (NI), and remuneration of family labor (ROFL). The result shows that having access to an agricultural extension increases GVA by 40.5%, NVA by 40.3%, labor productivity by 42.8%, and NI by 40.2%. However, access to agricultural extension insignificantly affects ROFL due to the differences in family working units. Also, farmers with Agricultural Extension access have 13.7% lower land productivity than non-Agricultural Extension farmers since the former has lower input use intensity than the latter. These results suggest that providing agricultural extension service is adequate to improve sugarcane farmers' economic performance.

Does violent conflict affect the labor supply of farm households? The Nigerian experience

Nigeria has experienced bouts of violent conflict in different regions since its independence leading to significant loss of life. In this article, we explore the average effect of exposure to violent conflict generally on labor supply in agriculture. Using a nationally representative panel dataset for Nigeria from 2010 to 2015, in combination with armed conflict data, we estimate the average effect of exposure to violent conflict on a household's farm labor supply. Our findings suggest that on average, exposure to violent conflict significantly reduces total family labor supply hours in agriculture. We also find that the decline in family labor supply is driven by a significant decline in the household head's total number of hours on the farm.

Peculiarities of notary protection of corporate rights of legal entities

In modern conditions of development and reforming the sources of legal regulation of private law relations, questions of their research have become especially actual. Approaches aimed to consolidate new, more appropriate mechanisms for regulating well-known legal institutions in the civil law of Ukraine have emerged. Article 9 of the Civil Code of Ukraine stipulates that its provisions are subject to application for the settlement of relations that may arise in the fields of environmental protection, use of natural resources, family, labor relations, if they are not regulated by other legislative acts. The above determines the study, including the features of notarial protection of corporate rights of both legal entities and comparison with the rules of such protection of the rights of other partic-ipants in civil relations. Corporate rights are the rights of a person whose share is defined in the authorized capital (property) of a busi-ness organization, including the authority to participate in the management of such business organization, receiving dividends (a certain share of profits) and assets in case of liquidation, as well as other laws and statutory documents. Corporate rights may belong to individuals and legal entities, the state of Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and territorial communities. Taking into account the legal nature of corporate rights, their definition, in par-ticular, through the possibility of receiving dividends and part of the property as a result of liquidation, corporate rights may belong to legal entities, including, for example, companies, cooperatives, farms, private enterprises and more. At the same time, in the article it has been substantiated the approach according to which the consolidation of provisions on the state, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and territorial communities as legal entities under public law is inexpedient and premature.

Family Labor Supply Responses to Severe Health Shocks: Evidence from Danish Administrative Records

We provide new evidence on households’ labor supply responses to fatal and severe nonfatal health shocks in the short run and medium run. To identify causal effects, we leverage administrative data on Danish families and construct counterfactuals using households that experience the same event a few years apart. Fatal events lead to considerable increases in surviving spouses’ labor supply, which the evidence suggests is driven by families who experience significant income losses. Nonfatal shocks have no meaningful effects on spousal labor supply, consistent with their adequate insurance coverage. The results support self-insurance as a driving mechanism for the family labor supply responses. (JEL D12, D15, G22, I12, J22)

Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja Keluarga Pada Usaha Sapi Bali Terintegrasi Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Di Kecamatan Wiwirano Kabupaten Konawe Utara

The development of beef cattle farms can be done through an integrated system and the involvement of family labor. The objective of this study is to know the family labor productivity in the integrated Bali cattle business and palm oil plantations in Wiwirano District, North Konawe Regency. The research material is breeders in the District of Wiwirano who carry out the integration efforts of Bali cattle and palm oil, As many as 4 villages in Wiwirano district, that integrated the Bali cattle and oil palm were determined by stratified sampling. 60 respondents from 4 villages were selected using simple random sampling. The average allocation of family labor in the Bali cattle business reaches 5,635 hours/day or 0,653 HOK/day. While the allocation of family labor in the palm oil business reaches 10,121 hours/day or 1,151 HOK. The technical productivity of the Bali cattle business is 4,72 ST/HOK and economic productivity is Rp 83.983,43/HOK. While the technical productivity of the oil palm plantation business is 133,69 kg/HOK and economic productivity is Rp 120.772,75/HOK.Keywords: Labor, Bali Cattle, Palm Oil.

Integrated Livestock Farming: A Holistic Management Approach

Small and marginal farmers can increase their economic yield per unit area per unit time by using a livestock-based integrated farming system. Waste materials are effectively recycled in this device by connecting suitable components. As a consequence, pollution in the air is minimized. The factors responsible for the farming system's sustainability are recycling of materials, byproducts, and waste material in an integrated farming system. The processing of eggs, meat, and milk provides nutritional protection and income to farmers throughout the year, thanks to the integration of various livestock components with crops. Combining crop and livestock enterprises will dramatically increase labor demand and, as a result, help to significantly reduce unemployment issues. ILFS offers enough resources for family labor during the year. The main issues for sustainable agriculture are food stability, natural resource conservation, and environmental protection. Integrating livestock is the way to go if you want to optimize the use of available resources while still protecting the ecosystem for economic development. Diversifying farm production, growing profits, enhancing nutritional security, and promoting nutraceuticals are all benefits of an integrated farming system.