Investigation of Motorcycle Trajectories in 2-lane Horizontal Curves

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 610-625
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Lemonakis
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equations ◽  
Great Accuracy ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Small Radius ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Traffic Lane

Most of the road design guidelines assume that the vehicles traverse a trajectory that coincides with the midline of the traffic lane. Based on this assumption the thresholds of various features are determined such as the maximum permissible side friction factor. It is therefore important to investigate the extent to which the trajectory of the vehicles is similar to the horizontal alignment of the road or substantial differences exist. To this end, a naturalistic riding study was designed and executed with the use of an instrumented motorcycle which measured the position of the motorcycle with great accuracy in a rural 2-lane road segment. The derived trajectories were then plotted against the horizontal alignment of the road and compared with the 3 consecutive elements which form a typical horizontal curve i.e., the entering spiral curve, the circular curve, and the exiting spiral curve. Linear equations were developed which correlate the traveled curvatures with the distance of each horizontal curve along the road segment under investigation. The process of the data revealed that the riders differ their trajectory compared to the alignment of the road. However, in small radius horizontal curves is more likely to observe curvatures that are similar to the geometric one. Moreover, the riders perform more abrupt maneuvres in the first part of the horizontal curves while they straighten the handlebars of the motorcycle before the end of the curve. The present paper aims to shed light on the behavior of motorcycle riders on horizontal curves and hence to contribute to the reduction of motorcycle accidents, particularly the single-vehicle ones.

scholarly journals KELIO TRASOS HORIZONTALIŲJŲ KREIVIŲ ĮTAKA TRANSPORTO SRAUTO GREIČIUI / INFLUENCE OF ROAD ALIGNMENT HORIZONTAL CURVE ON TRANSPORT FLOW OPERATING SPEED

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Šeporaitis ◽  
Viktoras Vorobjovas
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Transport Flow ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Side Friction ◽  
Curve Selection

Geometric parameters of road alignment are fundamental elements defining permissible speed and vice versa. Unlike permissible speed, determined operating speed in upgrade projects has a significant impact on the safe movement of transport on the roads. The article reviews the composition of the regional road network in Lithuania, the design speed, the permitted speed, the practical problems of applying the geometry parameters of the road alignment according to the legal documents valid in Lithuania, methods of horizontal curve selection in Lithuania and other countries are analysed in more detail. Comparative initial calculations of horizontal curves were performed using different side friction coefficients. Review summary of analysis conducted and statements are prepared for discussion.

Evaluation of design consistency on horizontal curves for two-lane state roads using bicycle-model and realistic parameters of driver behaviour

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Biljana Maljković
Keyword(s):  
Point Mass ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
Vehicle Model ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Driver Behaviour ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Vehicle Path ◽  
Design Consistency

The loss of vehicle stability in horizontal curves is a clear indicator of horizontal alignment design inconsistency, which can easily be quantified by determining the margins of safety. The doctoral thesis presents an overview of current horizontal alignment design guidelines and most important research of the design consistency concept. The following significant shortcomings in current road design practice were noticed: selection of unrealistic relevant speeds, the assumption that drivers follow a path with a radius equal to curve radius and the application of too simple vehicle model, i.e. basic point mass model. To overcome the observed limitations, the new consistent design approach has been developed, with an emphasis on horizontal curves. The new approach is based on the margin of safety concept, improved in terms of using the bicycle vehicle model in combination with more realistic values of speed and vehicle path radii. The bicycle vehicle model considers longitudinal load transfer, on individual axles, due to grade and speed changes, i.e. factors affecting margins of safety that are completely ignored by the simple point mass model used so far. To collect the driver behaviour data, an experimental investigation was conducted on a segment of the two-lane state road DC1 (Croatia). Individual speeds and vehicle path radii achieved by representative sample of drivers were recorded with a highfrequency GPS device. Based on the analysis of recorded data, the implementation of naturalistic driver behaviour in the road design process is proposed through regression models for predicting operating speeds (for tangents and horizontal curves) and through the equation for calculating the critical path radius. The improvement of the safety margin concept has created the basis for designing horizontal curves with high level of safety, both for the values of available friction on modern pavements as well as for future measurements. Based on operating speed consistency criterion and improved safety criterion related to driving dynamic consistency, the graphs of applicable adjacent horizontal curve radii were developed. The results obtained showed that the values of minimum horizontal curve radii need to be increased and, finally, this analysis has provided a physical explanation of the most common causes of accidents in sharp horizontal curves.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL CURVES DESIGN AND ACCIDENT RATE

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Radimsky ◽  
Radka Matuszkova ◽  
Ondrej Budik
Keyword(s):  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Deflection Angle ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
Accident Rate ◽  
Fatal Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Lower Correlation

Horizontal curves are very problematic elements of the road alignment. The danger of these spots is confirmed by the analysis of accidents, which showed that while on the tangents (straight sections) is an accident resulting in injury or death one of every five, at intersections and curve segments it is one of every three. Share of fatal accidents in curve segments compared to the intersections or direct segments is then more than doubled. The research aims to find potential correlations between different accident’s characteristics and horizontal curves design, which could help predict dangerousness of horizontal elements. Strong correlation was proven between radius of horizontal curve and relative accidental rate. Lower correlation was found between traffic lanes width and relative accidental rate. From gathered data wasn’t proven relationship between relative accidental rate and deflection angle.

Kinematic Approach to Horizontal Curve Transition Design

2000 ◽  
Vol 1737 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Bonneson
Keyword(s):  
Control Process ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Lateral Shift ◽  
Lateral Acceleration ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
Traffic Lane ◽  
Kinematic Models ◽  
Side Friction ◽  
Kinematic Approach

Research has shown that vehicles shift laterally in the traffic lane during their entry to (or exit from) a horizontal curve. In addition, research indicates that most drivers momentarily adopt a path radius that is sharper than that of the roadway curve. A study was undertaken to investigate the causes of lateral shift and sharp path radii and to determine if they can be minimized (or eliminated) by modifying the horizontal curve transition design. From a review of the driver–vehicle control process, it was concluded that lane shift is due to unbalanced lateral accelerations that act on the vehicle as it enters the curve. These accelerations result from gravity, as effected through roadway superelevation, and side friction, caused by the steer angle of the vehicle. Kinematic models of lateral acceleration, velocity, and shift were developed. The calibrated models were used to develop design guidelines for superelevation rate and superelevation runoff location.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON “ROLLING BARRIERS SYSTEM ON HORIZONTAL CURVES”

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Lodhia ◽  
Aakash Poojari
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Day By Day

The latest emerging technologies for safety of road is focusing on finding new ways/methods for reducing accidents and reducing damage due to accidents. Road accidents are increasing day by day and death due to accidents has also been increased. But accidents cannot be reduced due to increasing population and thus increasing vehicles on the road. If the accident does not cause death, it does damage to the driver and other passengers and also to the vehicle. In a study it has been revealed that many accidents occur at horizontal curves. So, we have studied and promoted the use of a concept called “ROLLING BARRIERS”. By using rolling barriers on horizontal curve, number of deaths, damage to vehicle or injury to human body can be minimized. Use of these rolling barriers have proved to be effective. It has been used in many developed countries and it should be used in India to minimize accidents.

Safety at Curves and Road Geometry Standards in Some European Countries

1996 ◽  
Vol 1523 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Brenac
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Standards ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Design Standards ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Road Design ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
Curve Geometry

This paper deals with safety at horizontal curves on two-lane roads outside urban areas and the way the road design standards of different European countries account for this safety aspect. After a review of some research results, the main aspects of curve geometry and the curve's place in the horizontal alignment are analyzed. The main conclusions are that the traditional design speed approach is insufficient and that formal complementary rules in road design standards, especially to improve compatibility between successive elements of the alignment, must be introduced. If such complementary rules already exist in some national standards, they are neither frequent nor homogeneous throughout the different countries, and it seems that they are not based on sufficiently developed knowledge.

Traffic and speed characteristics on two-lane highways: field study

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1042-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasser Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Light Condition ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
Vehicle Class ◽  
Rural Highways ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
Heavy Truck ◽  
Traffic Composition ◽  
Rural Highway

Many models have been developed to evaluate the operating speeds on two-lane rural highways. However, provided information usually lacks details essential to assess their applicability at locations other than where they were developed. This paper presents a procedure to interpret raw data collected on three horizontal curve sites of different two-lane rural highway classes in Ontario. The speed observations were categorized into three vehicle classes (passenger car, light truck, and multi-axle heavy truck) and four light condition categories (day, night, and two transition periods). The minimum headway and percentile value to define the operating speed were examined, and a revision of the current practice deemed not warranted. The findings also indicated that operating speeds do not depend on the time or vehicle class. Finally, the horizontal alignment affects the operating speed, but the speeds of the two travel directions on a horizontal curve may differ even with little contribution of the vertical alignment.Key words: highway geometric design, operating speed, traffic composition, traffic counters, ambient light, acceleration, deceleration.

scholarly journals Striated Tire Yaw Marks—Modeling and Validation

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4309
Author(s):  
Wojciech Wach ◽  
Jakub Zębala
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Tire Model ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Variable Curvature ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
Non Linear Equations

Tire yaw marks deposited on the road surface carry a lot of information of paramount importance for the analysis of vehicle accidents. They can be used: (a) in a macro-scale for establishing the vehicle’s positions and orientation as well as an estimation of the vehicle’s speed at the start of yawing; (b) in a micro-scale for inferring among others things the braking or acceleration status of the wheels from the topology of the striations forming the mark. A mathematical model of how the striations will appear has been developed. The model is universal, i.e., it applies to a tire moving along any trajectory with variable curvature, and it takes into account the forces and torques which are calculated by solving a system of non-linear equations of vehicle dynamics. It was validated in the program developed by the author, in which the vehicle is represented by a 36 degree of freedom multi-body system with the TMeasy tire model. The mark-creating model shows good compliance with experimental data. It gives a deep view of the nature of striated yaw marks’ formation and can be applied in any program for the simulation of vehicle dynamics with any level of simplification.

Modeling Safety Effects of Horizontal Curve Design on Injury Severity of Single-Motorcycle Crashes with Mixed-Effects Logistic Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 2637 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfu Xin ◽  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
Chanyoung Lee ◽  
Pei-Sung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Horizontal Curve ◽  
Random Parameters ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Curve Design ◽  
Motorcycle Crashes

Horizontal curves have been of great interest to transportation researchers because of expected safety hazards for motorcyclists. The impacts of horizontal curve design on motorcycle crash injuries are not well documented in previous studies. The current study aimed to investigate and to quantify the effects of horizontal curve design and associated factors on the injury severity of single-motorcycle crashes with consideration of the issue of unobserved heterogeneity. A mixed-effects logistic model was developed on the basis of 2,168 single-motorcycle crashes, which were collected on 8,597 horizontal curves in Florida for a period of 11 years (2005 to 2015). Four normally distributed random parameters (moderate curves, reverse curves, older riders, and male riders) were identified. The modeling results showed that sharp curves (radius <1,500 ft) compared with flat curves (radius ≥4,000 ft) tended to increase significantly the probability of severe injury (fatal or incapacitating injury) by 7.7%. In total, 63.8% of single-motorcycle crashes occurring on reverse curves are more likely to result in severe injury, and the remaining 26.2% are less likely to result in severe injury. Motorcyclist safety compensation behaviors (psychologically feeling safe, and then riding aggressively, or vice versa) may result in counterintuitive effects (e.g., vegetation and paved medians, full-access-controlled roads, and pavement conditions) or random parameters (e.g., moderate curve and reverse curve). Other significant factors include lighting conditions (darkness and darkness with lights), weekends, speed or speeding, collision type, alcohol or drug impairment, rider age, and helmet use.

scholarly journals Influence of road conditions on vehicles’ fuel consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Kateryna Dodukh ◽  
◽  
Anton Palchyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
General Criterion ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Road Width

The work is devoted to the solution of the issue of economic and safe transportation of goods and passengers by road. This transportation depends on the condition of roads, road surface, vehicle type and weather conditions. Weather conditions are taken into account both in terms of visibility (meteorological) and in terms of the coefficient of adhesion. The general criterion for assessing all conditions is the average speed of the vehicle, taking into account weather and road conditions. Weather conditions are determined by the type of visibillity: clear weather, rain, snowfall, blizzards, rain. By the coefficient of adhesion: dry surface, normal, wet, snow, ice. By road conditions: category of road, width of the travel section, radii of horizontal curves, longitudinal slopes, width of the road, the state of surface (coefficient of solidity). According to weather conditions, the calendar year is divided into three periods according to the conditions of cars’ movement. The first (winter) - December, January, February, March; second (spring-summer) - April, May, July, June, August; third (autumn) - September, October, November. The use of weather conditions in the Northern regions of Ukraine is presented in this work.

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