scholarly journals Bimanual thumb-index finger indications of noncorresponding extents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Landwehr
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Programs

AbstractTwo experiments tested a prediction derived from the recent finding that the Oppel-Kundt illusion – the overestimation of a filled extent relative to an empty one – was much attenuated when the empty part of a bipartite row of dots was vertical and the filled part horizontal, suggesting that the Horizontal-vertical illusion – the overestimation of vertical extents relative to horizontal ones – only acted on the empty part of an Oppel-Kundt figure. Observers had to bimanually indicate the sizes of the two parts of an Oppel-Kundt figure, which were arranged one above the other with one part vertical and the other part tilted -45°, 0°, or 45°. Results conformed to the prediction but response bias was greater when observers had been instructed to point to the extents’ endpoints than when instructed to estimate the extents’ lengths, suggesting that different concepts and motor programs had been activated.

Pointing, Rainbows, and the Archaeology of Mind

Anthropos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
Robert Blust
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Other World

For over a century anthropologists and folklorists have sporadically recorded a belief that one should not point at a rainbow, lest the offending finger become permanently bent, rot, be supernaturally severed, fall off, etc. In each case the belief was reported for a particular geographical region without apparent awareness of its presence elsewhere, and in no case was an explanation for this curious idea proposed. This paper documents what is called the “Rainbow Taboo” as a global phenomenon, found among peoples of quite varied cultural backgrounds, and it argues that the universality of the belief is a product of the interaction of two independent cognitive elements: an apparently innate sense that the rainbow is associated with the “other world,” and, secondly, a similar sense that pointing with the index finger is aggressive, and should not be used either in normal human interactions or more particularly against the supernatural.

Collision Avoidance Response Stereotypes in Pilots and Nonpilots

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Avoidance Responses

A two-part study was conducted to investigate the effects of target variables upon pilot and nonpilot collision avoidance responses to simulated approaches which were head-on or nearly so. Part I investigated the effect of bearing and found that nonpilots preferred to turn left in a head-on approach. Although pilots generally turned right under the same conditions, 25% exhibited the nonpilot left-turn response. The nonpilot response bias seemed related to the type of control used for aircraft pilotage. Part II examined the effects of bearing and collision index (a geometric construct representing an index for optimal response selection) upon the responses of 24 pilots. Two subgroups were identified, one apparently attending primarily to bearing while the other attended to aspect. Only one subject appeared to use the optimal collision-index construct for response selection.

Increasing-Loudness Aftereffect following Decreasing-Intensity Adaptation: Spectral Dependence in Interotic and Monotic Testing

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H Reinhardt-Rutland
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Spectral Dependence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Processing ◽  
Loudness Adaptation

Listening to decreasing intensity leads to illusory increasing loudness afterwards. Evidence suggests that this increasing-loudness aftereffect may have a sensory component concerned with dynamic localisation. This was tested by comparing the spectral dependence of monotic aftereffect (adapting and testing one ear) with the spectral dependence of interotic aftereffect (adapting one ear and testing the other ear). Existence of the proposed component implies that monotic aftereffect should be more spectrally dependent than interotic aftereffect. Three listeners were exposed to a 1 kHz adapting stimulus. From responses of “growing softer” or “growing louder” to test stimuli changing in intensity, nulls were calculated; test carrier frequencies ranged from 0.5 kHz to 2 kHz. Confirming the hypothesis, monotic aftereffect was about three times as strong as interotic aftereffect for the 1 kHz test carrier frequency, while monotic and interotic aftereffects were comparable in magnitude for test carrier frequencies below about 0.8 kHz and above about 1.2 kHz. The latter residual aftereffects are attributed to cognitive processing, perhaps concerning response bias. Sensitivity did not vary systematically across conditions; this is consistent with evidence that changing intensity entails mainly direct processing. The results cannot be attributed to the loudness adaptation elicited by steady stimuli.

Dimensions of the Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint with Particular Reference to Joint Prostheses

1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Unsworth ◽  
W J Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Middle Finger ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prosthesis Design ◽  
Single Centre ◽  
Articular Surfaces ◽  
Joint Prostheses ◽  
Centre Of Rotation ◽  
Little Finger

Sixty metacarpo-phalangeal joints were dissected and investigated to determine the shape, size and position of the articular surfaces with respect to the medullary canals of the metacarpal and the phalanx. The results show that the articular surfaces of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint have a single centre of rotation in the sagital plane and in the transverse plane. The joints of the little and ring fingers have radii of curvature in the sagital and transverse planes, which are almost equal (within 1.6 per cent) while those radii of the middle finger varied by 9 per cent. The index finger had a variation in radius from the sagital to the transverse plane of almost 13 per cent; the sagital plane radius being the greatest. This observation is the opposite of the other joints where the transverse radius is the greater one. The overall widths of the metacarpal heads were seen to vary from 13 mm in the little finger of females to 17 mm in the index finger of males (average). The medullary canals had axes which were not coincident with the centre of rotation of the joint but up to 3 mm displaced from it. These dimensional differences have important implications in prosthesis design.

Sensory and Non-Sensory Factors and the Concept of Externality in Obese Subjects

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Shirley J. Brake ◽  
Beth Reyes ◽  
Dick Maestas
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Lower Response ◽  
Visual Threshold ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Psychophysical Task

9 obese and 9 normal subjects performed a psychophysical task in which food- or non-food-related stimuli were briefly flashed tachistoscopically at a speed and intensity near the visual threshold. A signal was presented on one-half the trials and noise only on the other one-half of the trials. Using signal detection theory methodology, separate measures of sensory sensitivity ( d') and response bias (β) were calculated. No differences were noted between obese and normal subjects on measures of sensory sensitivity but significant differences on response bias. Obese subjects had consistently lower response criteria than normal ones. Analysis for subjects categorized by whether they were restrained or unrestrained eaters gave findings identical to those for obese and normal. The importance of using a methodology that separates sensory and non-sensory factors in research on obesity is discussed.

scholarly journals Coordination of pincer grasp and transport after mechanical perturbation of the index finger

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 2292-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis F. Schettino ◽  
Sergei V. Adamovich ◽  
Eugene Tunik
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Transport Component ◽  
Extension Force ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Our understanding of reach-to-grasp movements has evolved from the original formulation of the movement as two semi-independent visuomotor channels to one of interdependence. Despite a number of important contributions involving perturbations of the reach or the grasp, some of the features of the movement, such as the presence or absence of coordination between the digits during the pincer grasp and the extent of spatio-temporal interdependence between the transport and the grasp, are still unclear. In this study, we physically perturbed the index finger into extension during grasping closure on a minority of trials to test whether modifying the movement of one digit would affect the movement of the opposite digit, suggestive of an overarching coordinative process. Furthermore, we tested whether disruption of the grasp results in the modification of kinematic parameters of the transport. Our results showed that a continuous perturbation to the index finger affected wrist velocity but not lateral displacement. Moreover, we found that the typical flexion of the thumb observed in nonperturbed trials was delayed until the index finger counteracted the extension force. These results suggest that physically perturbing the grasp modifies the kinematics of the transport component, indicating a two-way interdependence of the reach and the grasp. Furthermore, a perturbation to one digit affects the kinematics of the other, supporting a model of grasping in which the digits are coordinated by a higher-level process rather than being independently controlled. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A current debate concerning the neural control of prehension centers on the question of whether the digits in a pincer grasp are controlled individually or together. Employing a novel approach that perturbs mechanically the grasp component during a natural reach-to-grasp movement, this work is the first to test a key hypothesis: whether perturbing one of the digits during the movement affects the other. Our results support the idea that the digits are not independently controlled.

FIG. 1.8. The subject’s response console for (A) SRT, (B) CRT, (C) DRT (odd man out). The black dot in the lower center of each panel represents the home button. The open circles, 6 inches from the home button, are green, underlighted translucent push-buttons. In the SRT and CRT conditions (i.e., A and B), only one button lights up on each trial; on the DRT task, three buttons light up simultaneously on each trial, with unequal distances between them (shown in C), the remotest button from the other two being the odd man out, which the subject must touch. The response console is 13 in. by 17 in., painted flat black, and tilted at a 30° angle. At the lower center is the home button (black, 1 in. diameter), which the subject depresses with the index finger while waiting for the reaction stimulus. The small circles represent translucent pushbuttons (green, ½ in. diameter, each at a distance of 6 in. from the home button); each button can be lighted independently. Touching a lighted button turns off the light. A test trial begins with the subject depressing the home button (black dot); 1 sec. Later, a preparatory stimulus (beep) of 1 sec. duration occurs; then, after a 1 to 4 sec. random interval, one of the translucent buttons lights up, whereupon the subject’s index finger leaves the home button and touches the lighted button. RT is the interval between a light-button going on and the subject’s lifting the index finger from the home button; MT is the interval between releasing the home button and touching the underlighted button.

2012 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Keyword(s):  
Test Trial ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
The Other ◽  
Random Interval ◽  
Black Dot ◽  
The Subject

Accidental Injection of White Spirit into the Hand in Golfers

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. RIMMER ◽  
J. B. KING ◽  
A. FRANKLIN
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Spirit ◽  
Golf Club ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Severe Damage

We report two cases in which white spirit has been injected accidentally into the hand by golfers, while attempting to remove the grip of the golf-club handle in order to replace it. One of our patients has anecdotal evidence of this happening in at least two other cases, one of which resulted in amputation of the index finger, and the other in severe damage to the thumb.

New visuomotor maps are immediately available to the opposite limb

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 2232-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Carroll ◽  
Eugene Poh ◽  
Aymar de Rugy
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frames ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Partial Transfer ◽  
Opposite Limb

Humans can learn to make accurate movements when the required map between vision and motor commands changes, but can visuomotor maps obtained through experience with one limb benefit the other? Complete transfer would require new maps to be both fully compatible and accessible between limbs. However, when this question is addressed by providing subjects with rotated visual feedback during reaching, transfer is rarely apparent in the first few trials with the unpracticed limb and is sometimes absent altogether. Partial transfer might be explained by limited accessibility to remapped brain circuits, since critical visuomotor transformations mediating unilateral movements appear to be lateralized. Alternatively, if adaptation involves movement representations associated with both extrinsic (i.e., direction of motion in space) and intrinsic (i.e., joint or muscle based) frames of reference, new visuomotor maps might be incompatible with opposite limb use when visual distortions have opposite effects for the two limbs in intrinsic coordinates. Here we addressed this issue when subjects performed an isometric aiming task with the index finger. We manipulated the alignment of visuomotor distortion for the two hands in different reference frames by altering body posture relative to the orientation of the finger and the visual display. There was strong, immediate transfer of adaptation between limbs only when visuomotor distortion had identical effects in eye- and joint-based coordinates bilaterally. This implies that new visuomotor maps are encoded in neural circuits associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic movement representations and are available to both limbs.

scholarly journals PENGARUH FAKTOR KLIEN DAN FAKTOR AUDITOR TERHAD AP AUDITOR CHANGES Sebuah Pendekatan dengan Model Kontijensi RPA (Recursive Model Alogarithm)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Aida Ainul Mardiyah
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Recursive Partitioning ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Dependency Relationship ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Partitioning Algorithm

<p class="Style4">This study intends to identify the effects of client-related factors and auditor-related factors on the auditor changes. Data is selected using random sampling and purposive sampling. The data collection is performed using mail survey and archaival. The statistic method used to test the hypotheses is regression analysis and RPA (Re-cursive Partitioning Algorithm) model.</p><p class="Style4">The study results are as follows: first, The results provide support for the hypothesis that ctient-related factors and auditor-related factors on the auditor changes; second, the normal data test and non response bias using t-<sub>ba</sub> shows an insignificant result This means that there are non response bias and the normal data; third, this is demonstrated by the multicolinearity number r&lt; 0,8 or VIF mean 1 that shows that the multicolinearity is not dangerous, the Durbin Watson approaches 2 and BG (The Breussh-Godfrey) r = 0 which means that between one variable and the other there is no dependency relationship (independent), and and homoscedacity occur.</p><p class="Style3"><em>Keywords: RPA (Recursive Partitioning Algorithm), client-related factors, auditor-related factors and auditor changes</em></p>

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