Collision Avoidance Response Stereotypes in Pilots and Nonpilots

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Avoidance Responses

A two-part study was conducted to investigate the effects of target variables upon pilot and nonpilot collision avoidance responses to simulated approaches which were head-on or nearly so. Part I investigated the effect of bearing and found that nonpilots preferred to turn left in a head-on approach. Although pilots generally turned right under the same conditions, 25% exhibited the nonpilot left-turn response. The nonpilot response bias seemed related to the type of control used for aircraft pilotage. Part II examined the effects of bearing and collision index (a geometric construct representing an index for optimal response selection) upon the responses of 24 pilots. Two subgroups were identified, one apparently attending primarily to bearing while the other attended to aspect. Only one subject appeared to use the optimal collision-index construct for response selection.

CS-US Interval in the Trace Conditioning of an Avoidance Response

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Pearl ◽  
Robert E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conditioning Procedure ◽  
Interval Group ◽  
Skinner Box ◽  
Avoidance Responses

To determine whether acquisition of an avoidance response with a trace conditioning procedure in the Skinner box could be facilitated by the use of long CS-US intervals, three groups of six rats each were trained at CS-US intervals of either 5, 20, or 60 sec. The CS was presented for 1 sec. unless it was ended beforehand by a lever press. The 5-sec. CS-US interval group made fewer avoidance responses and terminated the 1-sec. CS less often than each of the other groups. It was suggested that the differences in performance were due to initial differences in opportunity for making the appropriate response.

Cardiac Activity in Rats during Bar-Press Avoidance and “Freezing” Responses

1968 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Malcuit ◽  
Raymond Ducharme ◽  
David Belanger
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Instrumental Conditioning ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Level ◽  
Avoidance Responses

7 rats were trained to avoid shock by bar-pressing in an instrumental conditioning situation. The US was preceded by a 30-sec. sound signal (CS). The intertrial period was held constant (20 sec). HR was recorded at fixed intervals during 7 sequences (Intertrial-CS-US or Avoidance Response) in each 30-min. daily experimental session. 5 of the 7 initial Ss reached a high frequency of avoidance responses, while the other two failed to reach the fixed criterion adopting rather a freezing response. The animals were then placed in a situation leading to the experimental extinction of the instrumental avoidance response. The results show that, when the response is to be one of avoidance, the HR rises immediately upon CS-onset and remains at that high level until the response is effected. In between avoidance responses the base HR level is relatively high. on the other hand, in the case of a “freezing” non-avoidance response, the HR also rises upon CS-onset but drops immediately afterward to a level significantly lower than the pre-CS level. The intertrial HR frequency is also significantly lower than that observed between avoidance responses. The pre-CS and during-CS drops in HR become more and more important as the experiment progresses, providing evidence in favor of a learning process.

scholarly journals ARDUINO based accident prevention and auto intimation system

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1275
Author(s):  
Palanisamy R ◽  
PLS Sai Kumar ◽  
Mekala Paavan Kiran ◽  
Ashutosh Mahto ◽  
Md. Irfan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ir Sensors ◽  
Collision Mitigation ◽  
Collision Avoidance System ◽  
On The Road

<p>Often modern cars have a collision avoidance system built into them known as Pre-Crash System, or Collision Mitigation System in order to reduce the collision. But majority of vehicles on the road, especially heavy motor vehicles lack in such a system. In this paper, the implementation of the Collision Avoidance System is to reduce the risks of collisions at the hairpin bend on a Hilly track, Ghats, or other Zero visibility turns. The proposed system contains a set of IR sensors, LEDs, etc. It uses four IR sensors, which are placed on either side of the hairpin bend. The sensors are mutually exclusive and are connected to LEDs through wires. Based on the output of sensors, the LEDs will glow and start alerting the other vehicle approaching from the other end, Hence the drivers will decrease their speeds which would help in preventing collision. The LEDs will help the drivers in detecting the position of  the vehicles on either side of the bend. During climatic conditions like fog, snow, etc, the visibility of the drivers would decrease due to which they will not be able to see the LEDs, Hence, a collision may take place. To bring help as soon as possible to the injured, we have also made a proposed system which would alert the nearby hospitals that an accident has taken place. We have used Arduino UNO, GSM sim module and these will be kept inside a black box which will be inside the, car safe from breakage during the accident.<strong></strong></p>

Effects of Large and Small Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions on Two Types of Passive-Avoidance Responses

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1277-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Snyder ◽  
Robert L. Isaacson
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Dorsal Hippocampus ◽  
Passive Avoidance Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Small Compartment ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Avoidance Responses

Ten rats with large bilateral hippocampectomies, 10 rats with smaller amounts of damage of the dorsal hippocampus, 10 rats with destruction of postero-lateral neocortex, and 15 normal animals were trained in two types of passive-avoidance situations. One passive-avoidance task required inhibition of drinking while thirsty, the other required an animal to refrain from entering a small compartment after i: had been trained to enter, while hungry, for a food reward. Animals with the largest amounts of hippocampal destruction were impaired in both types of problems. Animals with smaller degrees of hippocampal damage were not different from normal animals in their ability to inhibit licking but were impaired in the other task. Animals with neocortical destruction showed impairment only in the licking situation.

scholarly journals Velocity Obstacle Approaches for Multi-Agent Collision Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Douthwaite ◽  
Shiyu Zhao ◽  
Lyudmila S. Mihaylova
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multi Agent Systems ◽  
Agent Systems ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Velocity Obstacle ◽  
Scalable Computation ◽  
Avoidance Problem

This paper presents a critical analysis of some of the most promising approaches to geometric collision avoidance in multi-agent systems, namely, the velocity obstacle (VO), reciprocal velocity obstacle (RVO), hybrid-reciprocal velocity obstacle (HRVO) and optimal reciprocal collision avoidance (ORCA) approaches. Each approach is evaluated with respect to increasing agent populations and variable sensing assumptions. In implementing the localized avoidance problem, the author notes a problem of symmetry not considered in the literature. An intensive 1000-cycle Monte Carlo analysis is used to assess the performance of the selected algorithms in the presented conditions. The ORCA method is shown to yield the most scalable computation times and collision likelihood in the presented cases. The HRVO method is shown to be superior than the other methods in dealing with obstacle trajectory uncertainty for the purposes of collision avoidance. The respective features and limitations of each algorithm are discussed and presented through examples.

Threat sensitivity in the San Marcos salamander: effects of predator diet and prey experience

Behaviour ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 617-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen J. Epp
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Threat Sensitivity ◽  
Graded Responses ◽  
San Marcos ◽  
Adaptive Forgetting ◽  
Eurycea Nana ◽  
Avoidance Responses

Prey must constantly balance foraging and predator avoidance demands. Avoidance response efficiency may be improved when prey match the intensity of their avoidance behaviours to a perceived level of predatory threat (threat sensitivity). Additionally, experience with predators may influence the intensity of avoidance responses. I examined the possibility that experience with predators in the natural habitat would influence threat sensitive avoidance behaviours of an aquatic salamander, Eurycea nana, by comparing the intensity of avoidance responses to predators that had been fed a neutral diet (low-risk) or a diet of conspecifics (high-risk) between laboratory-reared and recently-collected adult salamanders. I found that laboratory-reared salamanders exhibited graded responses to low- and high-risk predators consistent with threat-sensitive predator avoidance. Predator-experienced salamanders (recently-collected), however, responded less intensely to all predators and their responses showed little evidence of threat sensitivity. These less intense responses observed in experienced salamanders may result from mechanisms of adaptive forgetting, which allow prey to respond to environmental variation. I discuss implications of these results for E. nana and other prey as well as highlighting the need for researchers to consider the longer-term experiences of prey used in studies of predation risk.

Self-Punishment for Responding by Monkeys during Extinction of Discriminated Avoidance: Effects of Previous Stimulus Change Reinforcement

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. McGovern ◽  
Richard H. Haude
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Avoidance Training ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Lever ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Avoidance Procedure ◽  
Lever Pressing

Two groups of rhesus monkeys acquired a discriminated avoidance response (lever-pressing) under different training procedures. One group was trained using a conventional escape-avoidance procedure for 6 training sessions. The other group received one escape-avoidance session following 5 training sessions with stimulus-change reinforcement in which lever pressing momentarily terminated the light-tone combination later used as CS during avoidance training. Experience with stimulus change reinforcement facilitated acquisition of avoidance responding. Both groups showed self-punishment during extinction and did not differ significantly on this dimension.

Increasing-Loudness Aftereffect following Decreasing-Intensity Adaptation: Spectral Dependence in Interotic and Monotic Testing

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H Reinhardt-Rutland
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Spectral Dependence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Processing ◽  
Loudness Adaptation

Listening to decreasing intensity leads to illusory increasing loudness afterwards. Evidence suggests that this increasing-loudness aftereffect may have a sensory component concerned with dynamic localisation. This was tested by comparing the spectral dependence of monotic aftereffect (adapting and testing one ear) with the spectral dependence of interotic aftereffect (adapting one ear and testing the other ear). Existence of the proposed component implies that monotic aftereffect should be more spectrally dependent than interotic aftereffect. Three listeners were exposed to a 1 kHz adapting stimulus. From responses of “growing softer” or “growing louder” to test stimuli changing in intensity, nulls were calculated; test carrier frequencies ranged from 0.5 kHz to 2 kHz. Confirming the hypothesis, monotic aftereffect was about three times as strong as interotic aftereffect for the 1 kHz test carrier frequency, while monotic and interotic aftereffects were comparable in magnitude for test carrier frequencies below about 0.8 kHz and above about 1.2 kHz. The latter residual aftereffects are attributed to cognitive processing, perhaps concerning response bias. Sensitivity did not vary systematically across conditions; this is consistent with evidence that changing intensity entails mainly direct processing. The results cannot be attributed to the loudness adaptation elicited by steady stimuli.

The Uncertainty and Uncoordination of Mariners' Behaviour in Collision Avoidance at Sea

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhao ◽  
W. G. Price ◽  
P. A. Wilson ◽  
M. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Fuzzy Programming ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Entropy Theory ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Decision Making Model

It is well known that many collisions occur because one ship turns right whilst the other turns left when in close proximity to one another. Little is known as to why this occurs and, although some simulation models have been established using entropy theory, the problem remains unsolved.In this paper, an assessment model for uncertainty is reviewed briefly. The concepts of uncertainty and uncoordination of mariners' behaviour in collision avoidance are discussed. A simulation model in conjunction with a DCPA (distance to the closest point of approach) decision-making model using fuzzy programming is introduced to discuss coordination.

Lexical decision and naming asymmetries: Influence of response selection and response bias

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Chiarello ◽  
Sarah Nuding ◽  
Alma Pollock
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Response Selection
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