Increasing-Loudness Aftereffect following Decreasing-Intensity Adaptation: Spectral Dependence in Interotic and Monotic Testing

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H Reinhardt-Rutland
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Spectral Dependence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Direct Processing ◽  
Loudness Adaptation

Listening to decreasing intensity leads to illusory increasing loudness afterwards. Evidence suggests that this increasing-loudness aftereffect may have a sensory component concerned with dynamic localisation. This was tested by comparing the spectral dependence of monotic aftereffect (adapting and testing one ear) with the spectral dependence of interotic aftereffect (adapting one ear and testing the other ear). Existence of the proposed component implies that monotic aftereffect should be more spectrally dependent than interotic aftereffect. Three listeners were exposed to a 1 kHz adapting stimulus. From responses of “growing softer” or “growing louder” to test stimuli changing in intensity, nulls were calculated; test carrier frequencies ranged from 0.5 kHz to 2 kHz. Confirming the hypothesis, monotic aftereffect was about three times as strong as interotic aftereffect for the 1 kHz test carrier frequency, while monotic and interotic aftereffects were comparable in magnitude for test carrier frequencies below about 0.8 kHz and above about 1.2 kHz. The latter residual aftereffects are attributed to cognitive processing, perhaps concerning response bias. Sensitivity did not vary systematically across conditions; this is consistent with evidence that changing intensity entails mainly direct processing. The results cannot be attributed to the loudness adaptation elicited by steady stimuli.

Emotion modulates cognitive flexibility in patients with major depression

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1373-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. C. Murphy ◽  
A. Michael ◽  
B. J. Sahakian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Emotional Category ◽  
And Control

BackgroundDepression is associated with alterations of emotional and cognitive processing, and executive control in particular. Previous research has shown that depressed patients are impaired in their ability to shift attention from one emotional category to another, but whether this shifting deficit is more evident on emotional relative to non-emotional cognitive control tasks remains unclear.MethodThe performance of patients with major depressive disorder and matched healthy control participants was compared on neutral and emotional variants of a dynamic cognitive control task that requires participants to shift attention and response from one category to another.ResultsRelative to controls, depressed patients were impaired on both tasks, particularly in terms of performance accuracy. In the neutral go/no-go task, the ability of depressed patients to flexibly shift attention and response from one class of neutral stimuli to the other was unimpaired. This contrasted with findings for the emotional go/no-go task, where responding was slower specifically on blocks of trials that required participants to shift attention and response from one emotional category to the other.ConclusionsThe present data indicate that any depression-related difficulties with cognitive flexibility and control may be particularly evident on matched tasks that require processing of relevant emotional, rather than simply neutral, stimuli. The implications of these findings for our developing understanding of cognitive and emotional control processes in depression are discussed.

Collision Avoidance Response Stereotypes in Pilots and Nonpilots

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Beringer
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Optimal Response ◽  
Avoidance Responses

A two-part study was conducted to investigate the effects of target variables upon pilot and nonpilot collision avoidance responses to simulated approaches which were head-on or nearly so. Part I investigated the effect of bearing and found that nonpilots preferred to turn left in a head-on approach. Although pilots generally turned right under the same conditions, 25% exhibited the nonpilot left-turn response. The nonpilot response bias seemed related to the type of control used for aircraft pilotage. Part II examined the effects of bearing and collision index (a geometric construct representing an index for optimal response selection) upon the responses of 24 pilots. Two subgroups were identified, one apparently attending primarily to bearing while the other attended to aspect. Only one subject appeared to use the optimal collision-index construct for response selection.

Strategies for the Reduction of Pattern Effects

1996 ◽  
Vol 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kerscih ◽  
T. Schafbauer ◽  
L. Deutschmann
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Heat Flux ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Spectral Dependence ◽  
Radiative Heat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiative Heat Flux ◽  
Simple Mathematical Model ◽  
Radiation Model

AbstractThe pattern effects in hot processes arise from a spatial variation of the radiative heat flux imbalance between emission and absorption. There are two scenarios to reduce the pattern effect: a very reflective chamber facing the patterned side with an illumination from the backside or a controlled double sided illumination on the other hand. The paper demonstrates the mechanism of both scenarios with a simple mathematical model and discusses the limitations of the approaches. The results will be exemplified with the help of reactor scale simulations involving a detailed Monte Carlo radiation model featuring continuous spectral dependence.

A Componential Model of Human Interaction with Graphs. V: Using Pie Graphs to Make Comparisons

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 3-439-3-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Angular Position ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graph Reading ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Graph Designs ◽  
Direct Models

Research and models of graph reading suggest that the reader's task is an important determinant of the perceptual and cognitive processing components that the reader uses. When people read a pie graph to determine the proportional size of a segment, they apply three processing components: selecting the appropriate mental anchor to which to compare the segment (25%, 50%, or 75%), mentally aligning the anchor to the angular position of the segment around the pie, and mentally adjusting the anchor to match the pie segment size. When a pie graph reader faces a different task, e.g., estimating the ratio of two segments or the difference between two segments, does she use the same processing components to estimate the proportions of A and of B (and then divide one estimate into the other) or does she use a more direct method of mentally aligning the two segments to be compared, then mentally overlaying one on the other (for a ratio) or estimating the spatial difference between the pie segments (for a difference). Two experiments supported the Direct models over the Proportion-based models. The component processes of the Direct models suggest that pie graph designs that eliminated the angular difference between segments being compared should improve performance.

scholarly journals Types of Consciousness: The Diversity Problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Montemayor
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Cognitive Diversity ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
The One ◽  
Minimally Conscious

Consciousness research has a cognitive-diversity problem. Any view that holds that attention is either necessary for consciousness or that attention precedes conscious awareness confronts the difficulty that the theoretical categorization of attention is as diverse as the categorization of intelligent cognition, but consciousness is typically referred to as a single and unified capacity. On the one hand, we have a multiplicity of kinds of attention. On the other hand, we use a monolithic “phenomenal” notion of consciousness to define the dependency of consciousness on all these diverse kinds of attention. Since attention is defined in terms of a diverse variety of functions, a lot more needs to be said with respect to the claim that attention is either necessary for consciousness or that attentional processing precedes conscious awareness. Is this dependency based on the diverse cognitive functions of attention? If so, why conceive of consciousness as a single informationally unified cognitive capacity? What does the multiplicity of kinds of attention entail for consciousness research? This is the “diversity problem.” This article argues that consciousness should be also considered as a diverse set of capacities, based on the diversity of attention. While we have the intuition that consciousness is a unified perspective, the article shows that consistency demands this diverse approach. Since research on attention distinguishes a wide range of functions and levels of cognitive processing, the dependency of consciousness on attention entails diverse conscious capacities and diverse types of awareness beyond the distinctions between being awake, dreaming, and being minimally conscious.

Sensory and Non-Sensory Factors and the Concept of Externality in Obese Subjects

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Shirley J. Brake ◽  
Beth Reyes ◽  
Dick Maestas
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Lower Response ◽  
Visual Threshold ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Psychophysical Task

9 obese and 9 normal subjects performed a psychophysical task in which food- or non-food-related stimuli were briefly flashed tachistoscopically at a speed and intensity near the visual threshold. A signal was presented on one-half the trials and noise only on the other one-half of the trials. Using signal detection theory methodology, separate measures of sensory sensitivity ( d') and response bias (β) were calculated. No differences were noted between obese and normal subjects on measures of sensory sensitivity but significant differences on response bias. Obese subjects had consistently lower response criteria than normal ones. Analysis for subjects categorized by whether they were restrained or unrestrained eaters gave findings identical to those for obese and normal. The importance of using a methodology that separates sensory and non-sensory factors in research on obesity is discussed.

Use of Cognitive Capacity in Reading: A Performance Operating Characteristic

1981 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Britton ◽  
Karen Price
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Processing System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
A Performance

The cognitive capacity used in cognitive tasks can be measured with a secondary task technique (also called the dual task technique). Interpretation of results obtained with this technique depends on the assumption that the primary and secondary tasks require the same limited-capacity cognitive processing system. The present experiment tested this assumption by constructing a performance operating characteristic, in which the allocation of processing resources for the primary and secondary tasks was varied by instructions, and performance on the two tasks was observed. As the quality of performance on one task increased, performance on the other task decreased. It was concluded that the primary and secondary tasks shared processing resources. This means that performance on one task can be used as an indicator of processing resources allocated to the other. Implications of performance operating characteristics for secondary task methodology were discussed.

A study of distress calls of song, swamp, and white-throated sparrows (Aves: Fringillidae). II. Interspecific responses and properties used in recognition

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1513-1525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Stefanski ◽  
J. Bruce Falls
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Modulation ◽  
Carrier Frequency ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Distress Calls ◽  
Modulation Rate ◽  
Similar Peak

Recorded distress calls of each species were played to territorial males of the other two, in successive stages of the breeding cycle. Responses were like those given to intraspecific calls and showed a similar peak of intensity in the late nestling and fledgling stage.Song and swamp sparrows (Melospiza spp.) responded strongly to each other's calls, which are alike in length, carrier frequency, and frequency range and overlap broadly in rate of frequency modulation. However, responses were generally weak between Melospiza spp. and the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia), whose calls differ in these properties.Song and swamp sparrows responded strongly to artificial sounds that simulated their natural distress calls, but white-throated sparrows responded weakly to sounds that resembled their natural calls in some but not all properties.Song sparrows were exposed to artificial sounds that were varied in length, carrier frequency, and frequency modulation rate. With respect to each property, they responded strongly if the value fell within the range found in natural calls, but weakly if it fell outside this range. Evidently, all three properties are used in call recognition.We conclude that interspecific responses among these sympatric species resulted from similarities in their distress calls. Possible advantages of this behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Do People Exploit Risk–Reward Structures To Simplify Information Processing in Risky Choice?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Leuker ◽  
Thorsten Pachur ◽  
Ralph Hertwig ◽  
Timothy Joseph Pleskac
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Value Maximization ◽  
Environmental Property ◽  
Eye Fixations

The high rewards people desire are often unlikely. Here, we investigated whether decision makers exploit such ecological correlations between risks and rewards to simplify theirinformation processing. In a learning phase, participants were exposed to options in which risks and rewards were negatively correlated, positively correlated, or uncorrelated. In a subsequent risky choice task, where the emphasis was on making either a ’fast’ or the ’best’ possible choice, participants’ eye movements were tracked. The changes in the number, distribution, and direction of eye fixations in ’fast’ trials did not differ between the risk–reward conditions. In ’best’ trials, however, participants in the negatively correlated condition lowered their evidence threshold, responded faster, and deviated from expected value maximization more than in the other risk–reward conditions. The results underscore how conclusions about people’s cognitive processing in risky choice can depend on risk–reward structures, an often neglected environmental property.

Effects of Cognitive Processes and Task Complexity on Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer of Motor Skills

2001 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Tal Jarus ◽  
Tzipi Gutman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Contextual Interference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Cognitive Problem ◽  
Better Than

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of cognitive problem-solving operations (termed contextual interference) and complexity of tasks on the acquisition retention and transfer of motor skills. Ninety-six children, ages 7.5-9.5 practised the task of throwing beanbags under either low contextual interference (blocked practice), high contextual interference (random practice) or medium contextual interference (combined practice). Half of the participants acquired a complex task and the other half a simple task. All participants performed 30 acquisition trials, 9 retention trials and 4 transfer trials. Results indicated that participants who practised in the blocked practice group did not differ in their performance whether they acquired complex or simple tasks. On the other hand, participants from the random and combined practice groups who acquired simple tasks performed better than those who acquired complex tasks. These findings support the hypothesis that there is a limit to the interference during practice that will benefit retention and transfer, thus creating the contextual interference effect. It seems that the complex-task condition combined with random or combined practice schedule increased the difficulty of acquisition, possibly impeding the cognitive processing during acquisition, thus impairing the learning process.

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