New visuomotor maps are immediately available to the opposite limb

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 2232-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Carroll ◽  
Eugene Poh ◽  
Aymar de Rugy
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frames ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Visuomotor Transformations ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Partial Transfer ◽  
Opposite Limb

Humans can learn to make accurate movements when the required map between vision and motor commands changes, but can visuomotor maps obtained through experience with one limb benefit the other? Complete transfer would require new maps to be both fully compatible and accessible between limbs. However, when this question is addressed by providing subjects with rotated visual feedback during reaching, transfer is rarely apparent in the first few trials with the unpracticed limb and is sometimes absent altogether. Partial transfer might be explained by limited accessibility to remapped brain circuits, since critical visuomotor transformations mediating unilateral movements appear to be lateralized. Alternatively, if adaptation involves movement representations associated with both extrinsic (i.e., direction of motion in space) and intrinsic (i.e., joint or muscle based) frames of reference, new visuomotor maps might be incompatible with opposite limb use when visual distortions have opposite effects for the two limbs in intrinsic coordinates. Here we addressed this issue when subjects performed an isometric aiming task with the index finger. We manipulated the alignment of visuomotor distortion for the two hands in different reference frames by altering body posture relative to the orientation of the finger and the visual display. There was strong, immediate transfer of adaptation between limbs only when visuomotor distortion had identical effects in eye- and joint-based coordinates bilaterally. This implies that new visuomotor maps are encoded in neural circuits associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic movement representations and are available to both limbs.

scholarly journals Classical Absolute/Differential Programs

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 77-80
Author(s):  
L V Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Ab Initio ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Mechanical Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Rotating Frame ◽  
Absolute Differential ◽  
The Galaxy

In astronomy we try to determine a non-rotating frame from analyses of the observed motions of three mechanical systems – the solar system, the galaxy and the extragalactic nebulae. The rotation of the extragalactic frame is of the order 10-10 arcsec per century, so, for all practical purposes, this frame may be regarded as having no rotation. The other two frames are model-dependent and, as such, cannot be regarded ab initio as constituting non-rotation frames of reference. These reference frames are linked by various techniques, as shown in the diagram below.

Stiffness Mappings Employing Different Frames of Reference

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Pigoski ◽  
M. Griffis ◽  
J. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frames ◽  
Compliant Mechanism ◽  
Hessian Matrix ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Static Force ◽  
Moving Body ◽  
Elastic Potential Energy ◽  
Work Done

Abstract The stiffness mapping matrix for a planar compliant mechanism is analyzed using two different reference frames. The first is rigidly attached to the fixed body of the coupling, whilst the second is attached to the moving body of the coupling. It was found that, in general, these matrices are asymmetric when the coupling is loaded, and that one is the transpose of the other. This is an important result and can be considered an extension of the work done by Dimentberg[1], who derived a symmetrical stiffness mapping for an unloaded coupling. These new mappings are essential for the control of the coupling as it moves away from its unloaded position. Additionally, a third frame of reference which produces a symmetric mapping is examined and found to be identical to the Hessian matrix obtained from the second differentials of the elastic potential energy of the system. However, this symmetric mapping is not useful for control purposes and is only included to show that such a frame can be realized. Finally, static force loci for each of the reference frames are drawn to support the notion of frame-of-reference dependency.

scholarly journals The principle of canonical orientation: a cross-linguistic study

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALI ALSHEHRI ◽  
JUERGEN BOHNEMEYER ◽  
RANDI MOORE ◽  
GABRIELA PÉREZ BÁEZ
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Canonical Orientation ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Ground Object ◽  
Canonical Position

abstractThis paper presents a cross-linguistic investigation of a constraint on the use on intrinsic frames of reference proposed by Levelt (1984, 1996). This proposed constraint claims that use of intrinsic frames when the ground object is in non-canonical position is blocked due to conflict with gravitational-based reference frames. Regression models of the data from Arabic, K’iche’, Spanish, Yucatec, and Zapotec suggest that this constraint is valid across languages. However, the strength at which the constraint operates is predicted by the frequency of canonical intrinsic frames in the particular language. The ratio of the incidence of intrinsic usage with canonical vs. non-canonical orientation appears to be remarkably uniform across languages, which suggests the possibility of a strong cognitive universal.

Pointing, Rainbows, and the Archaeology of Mind

Anthropos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-162
Author(s):  
Robert Blust
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Other World

For over a century anthropologists and folklorists have sporadically recorded a belief that one should not point at a rainbow, lest the offending finger become permanently bent, rot, be supernaturally severed, fall off, etc. In each case the belief was reported for a particular geographical region without apparent awareness of its presence elsewhere, and in no case was an explanation for this curious idea proposed. This paper documents what is called the “Rainbow Taboo” as a global phenomenon, found among peoples of quite varied cultural backgrounds, and it argues that the universality of the belief is a product of the interaction of two independent cognitive elements: an apparently innate sense that the rainbow is associated with the “other world,” and, secondly, a similar sense that pointing with the index finger is aggressive, and should not be used either in normal human interactions or more particularly against the supernatural.

scholarly journals Overlapping and unique neural circuits are activated during perceptual decision making and confidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwon Yeon ◽  
Medha Shekhar ◽  
Dobromir Rahnev
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Initial Decision ◽  
Brain Circuits ◽  
Confidence Ratings

AbstractThe period of making a perceptual decision is often followed by a period of rating confidence where one evaluates the likely accuracy of the initial decision. However, it remains unclear whether the same or different neural circuits are engaged during periods of perceptual decision making and confidence report. To address this question, we conducted two functional MRI experiments in which we dissociated the periods related to perceptual decision making and confidence report by either separating their respective regressors or asking for confidence ratings only in the second half of the experiment. We found that perceptual decision making and confidence reports gave rise to activations in large and mostly overlapping brain circuits including frontal, parietal, posterior, and cingulate regions with the results being remarkably consistent across the two experiments. Further, the confidence report period activated a number of unique regions, whereas only early sensory areas were activated for the decision period across the two experiments. We discuss the possible reasons for this overlap and explore their implications about theories of perceptual decision making and visual metacognition.

scholarly journals Seeing a drummer’s performance modulates the subjective experience of groove while listening to popular music drum patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Lloyd Eaves ◽  
Noola Griffiths ◽  
Emily Burridge ◽  
Thomas McBain ◽  
Natalie Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
The Other ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
Foot Tapping ◽  
Head Bobbing ◽  
Point Light ◽  
Point Light Display ◽  
Main Effects

Spontaneous rhythmical movements, like foot-tapping and head-bobbing, often emerge when people listen to music, promoting the enjoyable sensation of ‘being in the groove’. Here we report the first experiment to investigate if seeing the music maker modulates this experience. Across trials we manipulated groove level in the audio beats (high vs low), and manipulated the match between the audio beats and a concurrently observed point-light display (PLD) of the drummer. The visual display was either fully corresponding with the audio beats, or incompatible across three conditions: a static PLD, a corresponding but asynchronous PLD (0.5s time shifted); or a non-corresponding PLD (e.g. high groove audio paired with low groove PLD). Participants (n = 36) rated: (a) their desire to move; and (b) their perceived groove, purely in response to the audio beats, using 8-point Likert scales. The main effects of groove level and visual display were significant in both measurements. Ratings increased for high compared to low groove audio overall, and for the fully corresponding condition compared to the other visual conditions. Ratings of the desire to move also increased in the static compared to the non-corresponding condition, and the two-way interaction was significant. Desire to move significantly increased for high compared to low groove audio in the fully corresponding, static and asynchronous conditions, while this effect was absent in the non-corresponding condition. These findings identify the importance of seeing as well as hearing the musician for an enhanced experience of groove, which necessitates a multimodal account of music perception.

Precis of Vigor: Neuroeconomics of movement control

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Reza Shadmehr ◽  
Alaa A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New York ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Hand Control ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Why do we run toward people we love, but only walk toward others? Why do people in New York seem to walk faster than other cities? Why do our eyes linger longer on things we value more? There is a link between how the brain assigns value to things, and how it controls our movements. This link is an ancient one, developed through shared neural circuits that on one hand teach us how to value things, and on the other hand control the vigor with which we move. As a result, when there is damage to systems that signal reward, like dopamine and serotonin, that damage not only affects our mood and patterns of decision making, but how we move. In this book, we first ask why in principle evolution should have developed a shared system of control between valuation and vigor. We then focus on the neural basis of vigor, synthesizing results from experiments that have measured activity in various brain structures and neuromodulators, during tasks in which animals decide how patiently they should wait for reward, and how vigorously they should move to acquire it. Thus, the way we move unmasks one of our well-guarded secrets: how much we value the thing we are moving toward.

Object-Centered Neglect in Patients with Unilateral Neglect: Effects of Left-Right Coordinates of Objects

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Behrmann ◽  
Morris Moscovitch
Keyword(s):  
Reference Frame ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unilateral Neglect ◽  
Independent Measure ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Spatial Coordinates ◽  
Left And Right

When patients with right-sided hemispheric lesions neglect information on the left side, with respect to what set of spatial coordinates is left defined? Two potential reference frames were examined in this study, one where left and right are defined with respect to the midline of the viewer and/or environment (viewer/env-centered) and the other where left and right are defined with respect to the midline of the object (object-centered). By rotating the stimulus 90° clockwise or counterclockwise, and instructing patients with neglect to report the colors appearing around the border of a stimulus, an independent measure was obtained for the number of colors reported from the left and right of the viewer/env- and from the object-based reference frame. Whereas significant object-centered neglect was observed only for upper case asymmetrical letters but not for symmetrical letters nor for drawings of familiar animals or objects, significant viewer/env-based neglect was observed with all the stimulus types. We present an account of the coexistence of neglect in more than one frame of reference and the presence of object-centered neglect under a restricted set of conditions.

Relationship between Frames of Reference and Mirror-Image Reversals

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5529 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1049-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hirokazu Yoshimura ◽  
Tatsuo Tabata
Keyword(s):  
Mirror Image ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
Physical Aspect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Extended Problem ◽  
Left Right Asymmetry ◽  
Common Frame Of Reference ◽  
Intrinsic Frame

The mirror puzzle related to the perception of mirror images as left–right reversed can be more fully understood by considering an extended problem that includes also the perception of mirror images that are not left–right reversed. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the physical aspect of this extended problem logically and parsimoniously. Separate use of the intrinsic frame of reference that belongs to the object and one that belongs to its mirror image always leads to the perception of left–right reversal when the object has left–right asymmetry; on the other hand, the perception of left–right nonreversal is always due to the application of a common frame of reference to the object and its mirror image.

scholarly journals Personality, Psychopathology, and Health Through the Lens of Interpersonal Relatedness and Self-Definition

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Luyten
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interpersonal Relatedness ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
Neurobiological Research ◽  
Personality Psychopathology ◽  
The One

Sidney Blatt’s seminal contributions in the domain of personality development, psychopathology, and health rank among the best researched and most empirically supported theories in psychoanalysis. Blatt is known primarily for his two-polarities model of personality development, which he viewed as evolving through a dialectical, synergistic interaction between two fundamental processes across the lifespan: the development of interpersonal relatedness on the one hand, and of self-definition on the other. In this model, psychopathology is viewed as an attempt to find a balance, however distorted, between relatedness and self-definition. Neurobiological research has confirmed the intrinsic dialectical relationship between these two processes in the development of the neural circuits subserving these capacities, a finding with important implications for physical health. Research relevant to these ideas is reviewed, and the influence that Blatt’s approach has had in reintroducing psychodynamic factors into contemporary psychology and psychiatry, as reflected in DSM-5, is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document