scholarly journals The effect of shared distinctiveness on source memory: An event-related potential study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1027-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Weigl ◽  
Hong Hanh Pham ◽  
Axel Mecklinger ◽  
Timm Rosburg
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Illusory Correlation ◽  
Font Color ◽  
Subsequent Memory Effect ◽  
Present Event

Abstract An illusory correlation (IC) is the erroneous perception that two actually uncorrelated categories are correlated. The Shared Distinctiveness Approach (SDA) explains ICs with heightened accessibility of distinctive category combinations in episodic memory. However, empirical evidence for this approach is heterogeneous. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study, we exploited the fact that more distinctive items elicit larger P300 responses than less distinctive items, which potentially predict subsequent memory performance differences for such items. Distinctiveness at encoding was created by presenting words that differed from frequently presented, positive words in valence, font color, or both. We hypothesized that shared distinctiveness (deviation in both color and valence) would lead to an enhanced P300 subsequent memory effect (SME), better source memory performance, and an overestimation of the frequency of shared distinctive items. Behavioral results indicated the presence of shared distinctiveness effects on source memory and frequency estimation. Unexpectedly, memory also was enhanced for positive items in the frequent color. This pattern also was reflected in the P300 for highly positive and negative items. However, shared distinctiveness did not modulate the P300 SME, indicating that the processing of distinctive features might only indirectly contribute to better encoding. This study shows that shared distinctiveness indeed is associated with better source memory and ICs. Because effects were observed for the most frequent and the least frequent category combination, our results imply that the processing of distinctiveness might involve attention allocation to diametrical category combinations, thereby accentuating the differences between the categories.

Intrinsic Emotional Relevance of Outcomes and Prediction Error

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Nahum ◽  
Sandra Barcellona-Lehmann ◽  
Stéphanie Morand ◽  
David Sander ◽  
Armin Schnider
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Subsequent Trial ◽  
Localization Analysis ◽  
Neutral Outcome ◽  
Present Event

Infrequent events, such as unexpected absence of outcomes (prediction errors), have a detrimental effect on performance of subsequent trial in various cognitive tasks. In the present event-related potential study, we tested whether the influence of prediction error manifests itself in the early cortical processing of subsequent stimuli. Participants performed a reversal learning task in which they saw two alternating pairs of faces and indicated for each pair which one would have a declared target stimulus on its nose. The target switched to the other face after several consecutive trials with correct response, thereby inducing a prediction error, with the switch being indicated by the appearance of a disk (unexpected neutral outcome) or a spider (unexpected unpleasant outcome), depending on the condition. Results showed that after both unexpected and expected unpleasant outcomes, the amplitude of P2 decreased, while after both unexpected neutral and unpleasant outcomes, the amplitude of P1 increased on the following presentation of the pair of faces. Source localization analysis suggested that the differences mainly emanated from the cuneus and precuneus with respect to the P1 and P2 time ranges respectively. We conclude that both the intrinsic emotional relevance of outcomes and prediction error may modulate attention allocation.

scholarly journals Sports training enhances visuo-spatial cognition regardless of open-closed typology

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Yu Chueh ◽  
Chung-Ju Huang ◽  
Shu-Shih Hsieh ◽  
Kuan-Fu Chen ◽  
Yu-Kai Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Sports Training ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of open and closed sport participation on visuo-spatial attention and memory performance among young adults. Forty-eight young adults—16 open-skill athletes, 16 closed-skill athletes, and 16 non-athletes controls—were recruited for the study. Both behavioral performance and event-related potential (ERP) measurement were assessed when participants performed non-delayed and delayed match-to-sample task that tested visuo-spatial attention and memory processing. Results demonstrated that regardless of training typology, the athlete groups exhibited shorter reaction times in both the visuo-spatial attention and memory conditions than the control group with no existence of speed-accuracy trade-off. Similarly, a larger P3 amplitudes were observed in both athlete groups than in the control group for the visuo-spatial memory condition. These findings suggest that sports training, regardless of typology, are associated with superior visuo-spatial attention and memory performance, and more efficient neural resource allocation in memory processing.

scholarly journals Habitual sleep is associated with both source memory and hippocampal subfield volume during early childhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Riggins ◽  
Rebecca M. C. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Typically Developing

Abstract Previous research has established important developmental changes in sleep and memory during early childhood. These changes have been linked separately to brain development, yet few studies have explored their interrelations during this developmental period. The goal of this report was to explore these associations in 200 (100 female) typically developing 4- to 8-year-old children. We examined whether habitual sleep patterns (24-h sleep duration, nap status) were related to children’s performance on a source memory task and hippocampal subfield volumes. Results revealed that, across all participants, after controlling for age, habitual sleep duration was positively related to source memory performance. In addition, in younger (4–6 years, n = 67), but not older (6–8 years, n = 70) children, habitual sleep duration was related to hippocampal head subfield volume (CA2-4/DG). Moreover, within younger children, volume of hippocampal subfields varied as a function of nap status; children who were still napping (n = 28) had larger CA1 volumes in the body compared to children who had transitioned out of napping (n = 39). Together, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that habitually napping children may have more immature cognitive networks, as indexed by hippocampal integrity. Furthermore, these results shed additional light on why sleep is important during early childhood, a period of substantial brain development.

scholarly journals S76. PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE RESPONSE INHIBITION IN INDIVIDUAL WITH SCHIZOTYPY: AN ERP STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S63-S63
Author(s):  
Ya Wang ◽  
Lu-xia Jia ◽  
Xiao-jing Qin ◽  
Jun-yan Ye ◽  
Raymond Chan
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Proactive Inhibition ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Stop Signal Task ◽  
Reactive Inhibition ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Present Event

Abstract Background Schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, have been found to show impairments in response inhibition. Recent studies differentiated proactive inhibition (a preparatory process before the stimuli appears) and reactive inhibition (the inhibition of a pre-potent or already initiated response). However, it remains unclear whether both proactive and reactive inhibition are impaired in schizotypy and what are the neural mechanisms. The present event-related potential study used an adapted stop-signal task to examine the two inhibition processes and the underlying neural mechanisms in schizotypy compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods A total of 21 individuals with schizotypy and 25 matched HC participated in this study. To explore different degrees of proactive inhibition, we set three conditions: a “certain” go condition which no stop signal occurred, a “17% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 17% of trials, and a “33% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 33% of trials. All participants completed all the conditions, and EEG was recorded when participants completed the task. Results Behavioral results showed that in both schizotypy and HC, the reaction times (RT) of go trials were significantly prolonged as the no go percentage increased, and HC showed significantly longer go RT compared with schizotypy in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions, suggesting greater proactive inhibition in HC. Stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) in “33% no go” condition was shorter than “17% no go” condition in both groups. Schizotypy showed significantly longer SSRTs in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions than HC, indicating schizotypy relied more on reactive inhibition. ERP results showed that schizotypy showed larger overall N1 for go trials than HC irrespective of condition, which may indicate a compensation process in schizotypy. Schizotypy showed smaller N2 on both successful and unsuccessful stop trials in “17% no go” conditions than HC, while no group difference was found in “33% no go” conditions for stop trials, which may indicate impaired error processing. Discussion These results suggested that schizotypy tended to be impaired in both proactive control and reactive control processes.

scholarly journals Early Top–Down Control of Visual Processing Predicts Working Memory Performance

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Rutman ◽  
Wesley C. Clapp ◽  
James Z. Chadick ◽  
Adam Gazzaley
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Sensory Neural

Selective attention confers a behavioral benefit on both perceptual and working memory (WM) performance, often attributed to top–down modulation of sensory neural processing. However, the direct relationship between early activity modulation in sensory cortices during selective encoding and subsequent WM performance has not been established. To explore the influence of selective attention on WM recognition, we used electroencephalography to study the temporal dynamics of top–down modulation in a selective, delayed-recognition paradigm. Participants were presented with overlapped, “double-exposed” images of faces and natural scenes, and were instructed to either remember the face or the scene while simultaneously ignoring the other stimulus. Here, we present evidence that the degree to which participants modulate the early P100 (97–129 msec) event-related potential during selective stimulus encoding significantly correlates with their subsequent WM recognition. These results contribute to our evolving understanding of the mechanistic overlap between attention and memory.

scholarly journals Event-related Potential Additivity as an Index of Neural Independence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Valentine ◽  
Margarita Zeitlin ◽  
Chu-Hsuan Kuo ◽  
Lee Osterhout
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Source Analysis ◽  
Continuous Measure ◽  
Principle Of Superposition ◽  
Feature Similarity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Font Color

Abstract Background Scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) are poorly suited for certain types of source analysis. For example, it is often difficult to precisely assess whether two ERP waveforms were produced by similar neural sources, especially when the waveforms share the same polarity and a similar scalp topography and temporal dynamics. We report here an alternative method to establishing independence of neural sources grounded in the principle of superposition, which stipulates that electrical fields summate where they intersect in time and space. We assessed the independence of two frequently reported positive waves in the ERP literature, the P300 (elicited by unexpected stimuli) and P600 (elicited by syntactic anomalies). Subjects read sentences that contained a word that was either non-anomalous, unexpected in one feature (capitalized, different font, different font color, or ungrammatical), or unexpected in two features (capitalized and different font style, capitalized and different font color, or capitalized and ungrammatical). Thus, in the double anomaly condition, the similarity between a shared feature (i.e., capitalization) and a second feature was systematically manipulated across conditions from larger degree (i.e., font style) to lesser degree (i.e., ungrammatical) of feature similarity. Results We quantified the degree of source independence for the features of interest by applying a novel Additivity Index, which compares ERPs elicited by the doubly anomalous words to composite waveforms formed by mathematically summing the ERP response to singly anomalous words. The degree of source independence is reflected by the degree of summation, with Additivity scores ranging from 0 (completely non-independent) to 1 (completely independent). The computed Additivity Index values varied with feature similarity in the predicted direction: similar features demonstrated lower Additivity Index values, or lower degrees of independence. On the other hand, dissimilar features manifested robust additivity, resulting in larger AI values. Conclusion We quantified the degree to which the P600 and P300 effects are neurally distinct across stimulus features with varying degrees of similarity by computing a continuous measure of independence via the Additivity Index. These findings indicate that the Additivity Index provides a valid and general method for quantifying the neural independence of scalp-recorded brain potentials.

scholarly journals Predicting memory formation over multiple study episodes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Sievers ◽  
Louis Renoult
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Item Memory ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Encoding ◽  
Encoding Variability ◽  
Study Participants

Repeated study typically improves episodic memory performance. Two different types of explanations of this phenomenon have been put forward: 1) reactivating the same representations strengthens and stabilizes memories, or, in contrast, 2) greater encoding variability - through changes in context - benefits memory by promoting richer traces and a larger variety of retrieval cues. The present experiment was designed to directly compare these predictions in a design with multiple repeated study episodes, allowing to dissociate memory for studied items and their context of study. Participants repeatedly encoded names of famous people four times, either in the same task (optimal encoding for a reactivation view), or in different tasks (optimal encoding for an encoding variability view). During the test phase, an old/new judgement task was used to assess item memory, followed by a source memory judgement about the encoding task. Consistent with predictions from the encoding variability view, encoding stimulus in different contexts resulted in higher item memory and lower rates of forgetting. In contrast, consistent with the reactivation view, source memory performance was higher when participants encoded stimuli in the same task repeatedly. Taken together, our findings indicate that encoding variability benefits episodic memory, by increasing the number of items that are recalled and by decreasing forgetting. These benefits are however at the expenses of source recollection and memory for details, which are decreased, likely due to interference and generalisation across contexts.

scholarly journals The more you know: Investigating why adults get a bigger memory boost from semantic congruency than children

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Chun Wang ◽  
Simona Ghetti ◽  
Garvin Brod ◽  
Silvia A. Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
With Memory

AbstractHumans possess the capacity to employ prior knowledge in the service of our ability to remember; thus, memory is oftentimes superior for information that is semantically congruent with our prior knowledge. This congruency benefit grows during development, but little is understood about neurodevelopmental differences that underlie this growth. Here, we sought to explore the brain mechanisms underlying these phenomena. To this end, we examined the neural substrates of semantically congruent vs. incongruent item-context associations in 116 children and 25 young adults who performed encoding and retrieval tasks during functional MRI data collection. Participants encoded item-context pairs by judging whether an item belonged in a scene. Episodic memory was then tested with a source memory task. Consistent with prior work, source memory accuracy improved with age, and was greater for congruent than incongruent pairs; further, this congruency benefit was greater in adults than children. Age-related differences were observed across univariate, functional connectivity, and multivariate analyses, particularly in lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). In sum, our results revealed two general age differences. First, left ventrolateral/rostrolateral PFC exhibited age-related increases in univariate activity, as well as greater functional connectivity with temporal regions during the processing of congruency. Second, right rostrolateral PFC activation was associated with successfully encoded congruent associations in adults, but not children. Finally, multivariate analyses provided evidence for stronger veridical memory in adults than children in right ventrolateral PFC. These effects in right lateral PFC were significantly correlated with memory performance, implicating them in the process of remembering congruent associations. These results connect brain regions associated with top-down control in the congruency benefit and age-related improvements therein.

The neural and cognitive time course of intention reasoning: Electrophysiological evidence from ERPs

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182097421
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Positive Component ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Late Positive Component ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Present Event

Intention is a typical mental state in the theory of mind. However, to date, there have been theoretical debates on the conceptual structure of intention. The neural and cognitive time course of intention reasoning remains unclear. The present event-related potential (ERP) study had two purposes: first, to investigate the neural correlates of intention reasoning based on a differentiated conceptual structure distinguishing desire and intention; second, to investigate the neural basis of intention reasoning for different agents. Thus, we compared the neural activity elicited by intention reasoning for self and for others when the intention matched or mismatched the desire of the agent. The results revealed that three ERP components distinguished among different types of intention reasoning. A negative-going ERP deflection with right frontal distribution between 400 and 500 ms might reflect the cognitive conflict involved in intention reasoning, a right frontal late positive component might be associated with the categorisation of agents, and a centro-parietal late slow wave might indicate the conceptual mental operations associated with decoupling mechanisms in intention processing. These findings implied the neural and cognitive time course of intention reasoning and provided neural evidence for the differentiated conception of intention.

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