Baulemente des unionalen Produktzulassungsrechts

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-178
Author(s):  
Hans Christian Röhl

Zusammenfassung Das CoC ist ein zentrales Element auf dem Weg zur Kfz-Zulassung. Eine „gültige (…) Übereinstimmungsbescheinigung“ i. S. d. Art. 26 der Kraftfahrzeug-Rahmenrichtlinie 2007/46/EG (RRL) ist deren Voraussetzung, ihr Fehlen kann u. U. Grund für die Aufhebung der Zulassung sein. Will man den Begriff der „Gültigkeit“ bestimmen, ist auf die Funktion des CoC abzustellen. Dieses erfüllt im unionalen Fahrzeug-Zulassungssystem eine Brückenfunktion zwischen EG-Typgenehmigung und Zulassungsentscheidung. Daher ist es notwendig, eine phasenspezifische Fehlerfolgenlehre zu entwickeln, die die einzelnen Elemente (Richtlinie – EG-Typgenehmigung – CoC – Zulassung) sinnvoll aufeinander und mit den jeweiligen Kompetenzen der beteiligten Behörden abstimmt. Die unionsrechtlich angeordnete Einweisung der mitgliedstaatlichen Behörden in bestimmte Zuständigkeiten darf durch den Gültigkeitsbegriff nicht überspielt werden. Drei zentrale Elemente sind insoweit zu benennen: Lediglich die Genehmigungsbehörden besitzen die hinreichende technische Kompetenz zur Beurteilung der Genehmigungskonformität. Die Genehmigungsbehörden verfügen über ein Arsenal an Möglichkeiten, auf die Nichtkonformität von Fahrzeugen zu reagieren, die von einem Rückruf über eine Änderung der Genehmigung bis zu ihrer Aufhebung reichen können. Die EG-Typgenehmigung macht die Fahrzeuge in Verbindung mit dem CoC im gesamten Binnenmarkt verkehrsfähig. Daher kann sie von den Behörden und Gerichten anderer Mitgliedstaaten grundsätzlich nicht, etwa durch Verweigerung der Zulassung, in Frage gestellt werden. Dieses Ergebnis darf ebenfalls nicht auf mittelbarem Wege erreicht werden, indem dem CoC eine Erklärung über die Richtlinienkonformität entnommen wird und die Zulassungs- oder Marktüberwachungsbehörde eine Ungültigkeit des CoC daraus herleitet, dass die betroffenen Kraftfahrzeuge gegen die Richtlinienanforderungen verstießen und das CoC insofern eine Falschaussage träfe. Die Kompetenz zu dieser Aussage ist in den Händen der Genehmigungsbehörde konzentriert. Die Übereinstimmungsbescheinigung (CoC) ist keine privatrechtliche Erklärung, sondern die Erklärung eines Privaten im Rahmen einer öffentlich-rechtlichen Regelungsstruktur. Für diese Erklärung ist ein Fehlerregime zu entwickeln, das die Fehlerhaftigkeit nicht kurzerhand mit der Ungültigkeit gleichsetzt. Aus alledem folgt, dass lediglich formelle Fehler und offensichtlich erkennbare Abweichungen von der EG-Typgenehmigung zur Ungültigkeit des CoC mit der Folge des Wegfalls der Zulassungspflicht führen können. Dieses restriktive Verständnis der Ungültigkeitsbedingungen liegt nicht an dem begrenzten Aussagegehalt des CoC, sondern resultiert im Wesentlichen aus dem Erfordernis, das durch die Richtlinie etablierte Fahrzeug-Zulassungssystem funktionsfähig zu halten. Elements of European product safety law: The certificate of conformity and its validity as established by the Framework Directive 2007/46/EC A valid certificate of conformity (coc) constitutes a core element of the European type-approval system for motor vehicles established by the Framework Directive 2007/46/EC and the new Regulation 2018/858. It is a prerequisite for the obligation of the national authorities to register such vehicles and let them enter into service. Therefore, it is crucial to determine the meaning of the term “a valid certificate of conformity” (Art. 26). As this declaration issued by a private entity is not governed by private law but forms a part of a public law scheme, the interpretation has to take this role into account. In the European type-approval system, the coc bridges the gap between the type approval on the one hand and the vehicle’s registration in the respective EU country. An interpretation of the term “valid” has to take into account the interplay between the different elements of this system (directive – type approval – coc – registration), especially the distinct competencies of the authorities involved. Particularly the approval authorities’ competences must not be hampered by an extensive interpretation of the term “valid”: Only the type approval authorities possess the necessary technical capabilities to assess the conformity of a vehicle with the requirements of the directive. Only the type approval authorities command a variety of powers to tackle the non-conformity of vehicles. The EU type approval together with a coc is the instrument to grant access to the EU market. Therefore, the type approval must not be questioned by the authorities or courts of another EU country. For the same reasons the validity of the coc cannot be questioned for reasons of non-conformity with EU type-approval requirements. For these reasons, only formal mistakes and obvious deviations from the type approval may render a coc invalid, with the result that a vehicle may not be registrated. This restrictive interpretation is mainly based upon the requirement to keep the type approval system working.

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-28
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Avornic ◽  
◽  
Violeta Cojocaru ◽  
Iulian Moraru ◽  
◽  
...  

The division of the entire system of law into public law and private law comes from ancient times, which we have referred to in several previous personal publications. In this article we will analyze the evolution of private law in the Republic of Moldova. Private law constitutes one of the fundamental subdivisions of the science of law as a whole. At the level of the Republic of Moldova, the subdivision in question represents a distinct specific in the context that: (i) it is stratified into numerous branches of law and (ii) it constitutes a symbiosis of several national, supranational and international private legislations that correspond to modern trends of evolution of related social relations. One of the main branches of domestic private law is civil law, namely the rules tangent to the branch of law in question regulate a considerable number of social relations varied in terms of structure and content. This article will briefly address evolutionary-historical aspects of the private law legislation of the Republic of Moldova. In particular, we will analyze the influence of the Model Civil Code of the CIS States, on the one hand, and European legislation, on the other. Historical aspects will be divided into three periods.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Himsworth

For many years, similarities have been noticed between the motivations for, and the methods of, controlling the exercise of discretionary powers on the one hand, in public law and, on the other hand, in contract law. There has, however, been much disagreement about how far the two processes should aligned, and whether the grounds of review in public law should be extended into the contractual domain. In Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd [2015] UKSC 17, the UK Supreme Court sought a high degree of alignment through the adoption, in a contractual dispute, of public law standards of reasonableness. This article offers a critique of the Court's arguments in the case and its consequences for contract law.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1399-1416
Author(s):  
Pierluigi Cuccuru

AbstractInJames Elliott v. Irish Asphalt, the Court of Justice of the Union addresses the interplay between the EU legal order and harmonized standards—i.e. non-binding technical specifications for products drafted by private bodies upon request of the Commission. The judgment offers interesting insights from the public law and the private law points of view. This Article touches upon both aspects. First, it considers that the Court extends its jurisdiction over harmonized standards under Article 267 TFEU, thus paving the way for a deeper intersection between European judiciary and technical standardization. Second, the paper highlights the Court's understanding of the interplay between harmonized standards and national private law. In this latter regard, it is argued that a rigid separation between technical standards and legal provisions might be excessively formalistic considering the use of technical standards in practice.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-112
Author(s):  
Herwig C.H. Hofmann

This article concentrates on the 'duty of care' or 'diligence', a principle that has become ubiquitous in CJEU case law due to its central role in calibrating the intensity of judicial review of EU acts on the legislative, regulatory and single-case decision-making levels. This article explores the development of the principle and critically reviews its use as well as whether it actually achieves the demands placed on it. The article further examines the tools developed and the emergence of the duty of care as a principle conferring individual rights in various procedural contexts. The article describes how the duty of care has become a central link between on the one hand, a separation of powers-inspired respect for discretion of the institutions and bodies of the EU and, on the other hand, ensuring a rule of law based effective review of the legality of acts – a central feature in the EU specific approach to developing proportionality.


2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-217
Author(s):  
Tekla Papp

Abstract The state can be an actor in Hungarian private law in several ways: on the one hand, by its organs (e.g. the Office of the National Assembly, ministries), on the other hand, by the organs of public law the state creates (e.g. budgetary organs), thirdly, through business associations operating with the participation of the state, fourthly, exceptionally, the state itself can also act as a subject of private law. In this study we call the attention to that the terminology used in case of business associations operating with state/local government participation is not sustainable and we focus on some issues where the private and public law discrepancy can be found in Hungary.


2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Hildegard Vermeiren

Abstract: The interpreting profession weaves its way through a tangled web of legal provisions. Especially in the areas of immigration, the court, the police or social services, third-party rights play an important role, and language assistance is needed to act following the law. Freelance interpreters are contracted. These interpreters have opted for entrepreneurship and private-law relationships with their clients. The public-law sphere, however, is very much a part of their activities, through their training, certification, fees they earn, but also taxation. Due to growing professionalization, higher demands are being placed on interpreters. Requirements nowadays are much stricter than an oath of faithful translation. This paper discusses what starting public service interpreters need to know about legal provisions when starting their career as entrepreneurs in Belgium and the Netherlands.Resumen: En la profesión de intérprete se cruzan numerosas disposiciones legales. Especialmente en los sectores de inmigración, tribunales y servicios policiales o sociales, los derechos de terceros desempeñan un papel esencial, y la asistencia lingüística es importante para la legalidad de las acciones. Se contrata a intérpretes freelance. Estos han optado por hacerse autónomos y por las relaciones de derecho privado con sus clientes. Sin embargo, la esfera del derecho público está muy presente en sus vidas, a través de su formación, certificación, despliegue, tarifación e impuestos. Debido a la creciente profesionalización del sector, el nivel exigido a los intérpretes es cada vez superior. Hoy en día, los criterios son más estrictos que el tradicional juramento de fidelidad.  Comentamos lo que los jóvenes intérpretes necesitan saber al lanzarse como emprendedores en Bélgica y los Países Bajos.


Author(s):  
Lubos SMUTKA ◽  
Irena BENEŠOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ ◽  
Renata MATYSIK-PEJAS

Sugar is one of the most important elements in human nutrition. The Common Market Organisation for sugar has been a subject of considerable debate since its establishment in 1968. The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The current EU sugar market changed is structure during the last several decades. The significant number of companies left the market and EU internal sugar market became more concentrated. The aim of this paper is presentation characteristics of sugar market with respect to the supposed market failure – reduction in competition. The analysis also identifies the main drivers and determinants of the EU especially quota sugar market. In relation to paper’s aim the following results are important. The present conditions of the European sugar market have led to market failure when nearly 75 % (10 million tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only. These multinational alliances (especially German and French one) are also taking control over the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. This is a significant indicator of market imperfection. The quota system cannot overcome the problem of production quotas on the one hand and the demand on the other; furthermore, it also leads to economic inefficiency. The current EU sugar market is under the control of only Sudzucker, Nordzucker, Pfeifer and Langen, Tereos and ABF.


2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Weeks

Soft law is a pervasive phenomenon which is highly effective as a means of regulation in Australia, as it is in many other jurisdictions. This article will not focus on the regulatory aspects of soft law, but will examine the capacity of individuals to obtain remedies where public authorities fail to adhere to the terms of their published soft law. The available judicial remedies apply in very limited circumstances, both in private law actions (in tort or equity) and public law (judicial review) actions. Ultimately, the most effective ways to remedy breaches of soft law appear also to be ‘soft’, such as recommendations of the Ombudsman and discretionary schemes for ex gratia payments.


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