A Review: Electrospinning and Electrospinning Nanofibre Technology, Process & Application

Electrospinning is a versatile and viable technique for ultra-thin fiber generation. Remarkable progress has been made with regard to the development of Electrospinning methods and the engineering of Electrospinning Nanofibre to suit or enable different applications. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of Electrospinning, including principles, methods, materials and applications. We begin with a brief introduction to the early history of Electrospinning, followed by a discussion of its principle and its typical apparatus. Subsequently, we discuss the applications of electrospun Nanofibre, including their use as smart mattresses, filtration membranes, catalytic supports, energy harvesting / conversion / storage components, and photonic and electronic devices, as well as biomedical scaffolds. We highlight the most relevant and recent developments in the application of electrospun Nanofibre by focusing on the most representative examples.

Download Full-text

The History of the Global Anti-Human Trafficking Agenda, with a Focus on Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation

10.1093/oso/9780192845702.003.0012 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 151-161

Author(s):

Heli Askola

Keyword(s):

Human Trafficking ◽

Sexual Exploitation ◽

Early History ◽

White Slavery ◽

Government Organizations ◽

Trafficking In Women ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

Women And Children ◽

International Instruments

Heli Askola examines the early history of international instruments for the suppression of the trafficking in women and children involved in so called ‘white slavery’ as precursors to the more recent developments relating to human trafficking. She challenges the notion of the linear progression in the development of the law and illustrates that the contests between various NGOs and government organizations meant that this development was neither smooth nor uncontested.

Download Full-text

An Assessment of Module Cooling Enhancement With Thermoelectric Coolers

Journal of Heat Transfer ◽

10.1115/1.1852496 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 127 (1) ◽

pp. 76-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

R. E. Simons ◽

M. J. Ellsworth ◽

R. C. Chu

Keyword(s):

Figure Of Merit ◽

Early History ◽

Multichip Module ◽

Thermoelectric Cooler ◽

Thermoelectric Figure ◽

Thermoelectric Coolers ◽

Chip Temperature ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Cooling Enhancement ◽

History Of

The trend towards increasing heat flux at the chip and module level in computers is continuing. This trend coupled with the desire to increase performance by reducing chip operating temperatures presents a further challenge to thermal engineers. This paper will provide an assessment of the potential for module cooling enhancement with thermoelectric coolers. A brief background discussion of thermoelectric cooling is provided citing some of the early history of thermoelectrics as well as more recent developments from the literature. An example analyzing cooling enhancement of a multichip module package with a thermoelectric cooler is discussed. The analysis utilizes closed form equations incorporating both thermoelectric cooler parameters and package level thermal resistances to relate allowable module power to chip temperature. Comparisons are made of allowable module power with and without thermoelectric coolers based upon either air or water module level cooling. These results show that conventional thermoelectric coolers are inadequate to meet the requirements. Consideration is then given to improvements in allowable module power that might be obtained through increases in the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT or miniaturization of the thermoelectric elements.

Download Full-text

Joseph Delboeuf on time as the mechanism of free will

Theory & Psychology ◽

10.1177/09593543211023143 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095935432110231

Author(s):

André R. LeBlanc

Keyword(s):

Energy Conservation ◽

Free Will ◽

Early History ◽

Conservation Of Energy ◽

First Law Of Thermodynamics ◽

Before And After ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

The Law ◽

Two Bodies

In the early 1880s, Joseph Delboeuf proposed a little-known but ingenious solution to the problem the law of the conservation of energy poses for free will. When energy is transferred between two bodies, the law of energy conservation requires that the energy before and after the transfer be the same, but it says nothing of the time it must take. If we could delay this transfer, Delboeuf proposed, we could alter the course of matter without compromising the conservation of energy. This article begins by tracing the early history of the conflict between free will and the first law of thermodynamics and by recounting some initial attempts to resolve it. It next describes Delboeuf’s theory and the arguments that were made against it, before situating it with respect to some recent developments in the philosophy and psychology of free will.

Download Full-text

An Assessment of Module Cooling Enhancement With Thermoelectric Coolers

Electronic and Photonic Packaging, Electrical Systems and Photonic Design, and Nanotechnology ◽

10.1115/imece2003-42239 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. E. Simons ◽

M. J. Ellsworth ◽

R. C. Chu

Keyword(s):

Figure Of Merit ◽

Early History ◽

Thermoelectric Cooler ◽

Thermoelectric Figure ◽

Thermo Electric ◽

Thermoelectric Coolers ◽

Chip Temperature ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Cooling Enhancement ◽

History Of

The trend towards increasing heat flux at the chip and module level in computers is continuing. This trend coupled with the desire to increase performance by reducing chip operating temperatures presents a further challenge to thermal engineers. This paper will provide an assessment of the potential for module cooling enhancement with thermoelectric coolers. A brief background discussion of thermo-electric cooling is provided citing some of the early history of thermoelectrics as well as more recent developments from the literature. An example analyzing cooling enhancement of a multi-chip module package with a thermoelectric cooler is discussed. The analysis utilizes closed form equations incorporating both thermoelectric cooler parameters and package level thermal resistances to relate allowable module power to chip temperature. Comparisons are made of allowable module power with and without thermoelectric coolers based upon either air or water module level cooling. These results show that conventional thermoelectric coolers are inadequate to meet the requirements. Consideration is then given to improvements in allowable module power that might be obtained through increases in the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT or miniaturization of the thermoelectric elements.

Download Full-text

Combined Power Plants—Past, Present, and Future

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.2815448 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 117 (4) ◽

pp. 608-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

J. H. Horlock

Keyword(s):

Steam Turbine ◽

Gas Turbine ◽

Power Plants ◽

Combined Cycle ◽

Early History ◽

Future Prospects ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of

The early history of combined power plants is described, together with the birth of the CCGT plant (the combined “cycle” gas turbine). Sustained CCGT development in the 1970s and 1980s, based on sound thermodynamic considerations, is outlined. Finally more recent developments and future prospects for the combined gas turbine/steam turbine combined plant are discussed.

Download Full-text

Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

Download Full-text