EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT ESSENTIAL OILS AND BIO CONTROL AGENTS AGAINST ALTERNARIA ALTERNATA THE CAUSAL AGENT OF FRUIT ROT OF JUJUBE

This study was carried out on the evaluation of different essential oils and biocontrol agents against Alternaria alternata the causal agent of fruit rot. For the pathogenicity test against A. alternata was performed through cut and injection inoculation methods. The antifungal potential of different essential oils like turpentine, laung, neem and castus root was carried out at different doses i.e. 5, 10 and 15% by food poisoned method to find out the effective and suitable oil for the growth inhibition of A. alternata and evaluate the effect of some biocontrol agents on growth inhibition of A. alternata. The findings of this investigation stated that cut method of inoculation showed higher percentage (2.60) of rotting as compared to injection method of inoculation (2.35). Minimum colony growth of A. alternata (31.60, 21.25 and 15.16%) was examined under Laung oil at the dosage of 5, 10 and 15% followed by Neem oil (42.60, 31.60 and 21.30%), respectively. Maximum colony growth of A. alternata (62.71, 52.40 and 41.75%) was observed under Castus root oil at the dosage of 5, 10 and 15%. Zero growth of target pathogen was examined under Turpentine at 5, 10 and 15%. Under control the A. alternata showed (90 mm) colony growth. Minimum linear colony growth of A. alternata was observed for Hypoxylon Sp1 (50.31%), followed by Neurospora spp. (52.97%), Lasiodiplodia theobromae (54.7%), Chactomium subaffine (57.07%) and Fusarium sp. (65.4%). Maximum mycelial colony growth (90%) was recorded in control. Based on present investigation, Similarly, for controlling the linear colony growth of A. alternata under in vitro conditions Turpentine oil ranked 1st, Laung oil ranked 2nd, Neem oil ranked 3rd, Castus root oil ranked 4th.

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EFFECT OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FRUIT ROT OF LEMON CAUSED BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER UNDER IN-VITRO CONDITIONS

Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology ◽

10.33866/phytopathol.030.02.0483 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 199

Author(s):

Ahmed Ali ◽

Manzoor A. Abro ◽

Rehana N. Syed ◽

Moeezullah Khan ◽

Hassan Saeed

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Clove Oil ◽

Neem Oil ◽

Rose Oil

It is common observations that during storage, transportation and marketing fruits and vegetables suffer from many postharvest diseases. Generally the diseases are controlled by applying different chemicals in the form of fungicides. On the other hand, these fungicides are also hazardous for health and disturb the equilibrium of the natural environment. In this regard, researchers have found that certain plant essential oils not only keep away the insects but also show fungicidal actions against some plant pathogens. The aim of current investigation is to find out some suitable and effective essential oils against the growth fruit rot of lemon caused by Aspergillus niger under in-vitro conditions. For this purpose, pathogenicity test against A. niger was performed. The antifungal components of some essential oils like clove, tarpin, neem, castor, chamomile, and rose oil were carried out at different doses i.e. 50 µl and 100µl to find out their effectiveness against A. niger. The results showed that, high severity of disease was determined through the cut method of inoculation as compared to the injection method. Minimum colony growth (1.11% and 0.55%) was examined when plates treated with clove oil at the dosage of 50µl and 100µl followed by tarpin oil (42.22% and 38.89%), neem oil (42.96% and 41.11%), castor oil (52.96% and 50.00%) and chamomile oil (71.85% and 67.77%) respectively. In comparison to control (100%), maximum growth (91.85% and 89.62%) was observed when treated with rose oil at the dosage of 50µl and 100µl. When the inoculated lemon fruits were treated with aqueous solution of essential oils, it was observed that minimum rotting (12.53%) was recorded for clove oil followed by neem oil (13.30%), tarpin oil (13.42%), rose oil (14.27%), castor oil (15.16%) and chamomile oil (17.25%), respectively as compared to control (23.37%). On the basis of present investigation it was concluded that clove oil is highly effective against linear colony growth of A. niger under in-vitro conditions.

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In vitro Evaluation of Fungicides, Botanicles and Bio-Agents against Alternaria alternata Causal Agent of Fruit Rot of Brinjal

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ◽

10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.058 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 495-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sanjeev P. Jakatimath ◽

R.K. Mesta ◽

I.B. Biradar ◽

Sadanand K. Mushrif ◽

P.S. Ajjappalavar

Keyword(s):

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Causal Agent ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

In Vitro Evaluation

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In vitro evaluation of plant essential oils against Alternaria alternata causing fruit rot of grapes

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology ◽

10.35495/ajab.2019.11.532 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 168-173

Author(s):

Awais Sajid

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

In Vitro Evaluation ◽

Plant Essential Oils

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Evaluation of vapor-phase antifungal activities of selected plant essential oils against fungal strains growing on bread food model

Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.5219/1483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 210-217

Author(s):

Veronika Valková ◽

Hana Ďúranová ◽

Lucia Galovičová ◽

Eva Ivanišová ◽

Miroslava Kačániová

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Colony Growth ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

In Situ Conditions ◽

Dpph Method

The current study aimed to investigate antifungal activities of two commercially available essential oils (EOs), specifically Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia; TTEO) and St. John's wort oil (Hypericum perforatum; HPEO) against three Penicillium (P.) species: P. citrinum, P. expansum, and P. crustosum in in situ conditions. For this purpose, EOs were applied in the vapor phase to determine the growth inhibition of fungi artificially inoculated on sliced bread. Changes in colony growth rate were evaluated as markers for the mycelial growth inhibition (MGI) effect of the EOs. The antioxidant activities of the EOs were evaluated using the DPPH method. The moisture content (MC) and water activity (aw) of bread as a substrate for fungal growth were also measured. From the DPPH assay, we have found that both EOs (TTEO, HPEO) exhibited strong antioxidant activity (64.94 ±7.34%; 70.36 ±1.57%, respectively). The values for bread MC and aw were 43.01 ±0.341% and 0.947 ±0.006, respectively. Our results suggest that HPEO is the only weak inhibitor of P. citrinum and P. crustosum colony growths. Also, the highest concentrations of TTEO display only the weak capability of mycelial growth inhibition of P. citrinum and P. crustosum. By contrast, the colony growth of P. expansum was enhanced by both EOs at all levels used. In conclusion, the application of both EOs in the vapor phase against selected Penicillium species seems not to be a promising alternative to chemical inhibitors used for bread preservation.

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Alternaria leaf spot of broccoli caused by Alternaria alternata in Bangladesh

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/44/2020-pps ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sayma T. Nira ◽

Md. Farhad Hossain ◽

Nur Uddin Mahmud ◽

Oliul Hassan ◽

Md. Tofazzal Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Culture Studies ◽

Alternaria Leaf Spot ◽

Cultural Methods ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

Alternaria Sp

This study aimed to isolate and characterise the pathogen associated with Alternaria leaf spot on broccoli and to evaluate the inhibitory effects of fungicides against it. We isolated and identified the fungal pathogen as Alternaria sp. using morphological and cultural methods. Based on the aligned sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and molecular phylogenetic analysis by the neighbour-joining method, the isolates (Ab1 and Ab2) were confirmed as Alternaria alternata. The conidia of the isolates were dark brown, cylindrical, obclavate to muriform. The conidiophores were olivaceous brown, septate, and branched. The conidial morphology of the isolates ranged from 52.4–92.4 × 10–20 μm with 2–6 transverse and 0–3 longitudinal septa. Both isolates yielded positive results in the pathogenicity test on broccoli leaves by developing brown and circular spots with concentric rings on the leaves surrounded by yellow halos. The culture studies revealed that the maximum growth of the pathogen was obtained at 30 °C and pH 6.0. Tilt 250 WC showed the highest potential in suppressing the mycelial growth of the A. alternata in vitro at a concentration as low as 50 µg/mL. The results from this study contributed to the positive identification of the pathogen and characterised A. alternata as a destructive pathogen of broccoli which may be successfully controlled by the fungicide Tilt.

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Antifungal Activity of Plant's Essential Oils against Post Harvest Fungal Disease of Apple Fruit

Forestry: Journal of Institute of Forestry, Nepal ◽

10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28361 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 86-100

Author(s):

Nirjan Oli ◽

Uday Kumar Singh ◽

Sanjay Kumar Jha

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Cinnamomum Tamala ◽

Postharvest Rot ◽

Apple Fruits

Bioactive natural compounds are developed as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of rot diseases of apple fruit. The antifungal activity of essential oils exudes from five plants, namely, Cinnamomum tamala, Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, Citrus limetta and Eucalyptus citriodora were evaluated in vitro against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata causing postharvest rot disease in apple fruits. The pathogens were isolated from infected apple fruits collected from local markets of Kathamandu, Nepal. The essential oils were extracted through hydro-distillation process using Clevenger apparatus. The pathogenicity test was confirmed by inoculating pathogen into healthy apple fruit. The assessment of fungi toxicity was carried out by poison food technique using five different concentrations: 2.5μl/ml, 5μl/ml, 10μl/ml, 20μl/ml and 40μl/ml and controls were set to determine percentage inhibition of mycelial growth to test fungi. Among tested five essential oils, Cinnamomum tamala showed most effective antifungal activity against all three pathogens, which inhibited mycelium growth by 100% at 40 μl/ml concentrations. However, Eucalyptus citriodora showed all three pathogens inhibited mycelium growth by 65.87%, 73.17% and 86.91%, respectively at 40 μl/ml concentration.

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First Report of a New Postharvest Fruit Rot on Apple Caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.223a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 223-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. L. Xiao ◽

J. D. Rogers ◽

R. J. Boal

Keyword(s):

Leading Edge ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Causal Agent ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Fluorescent Light ◽

Pathogenicity Test ◽

First Report ◽

Golden Delicious

During March to July 2003, a postharvest fruit rot was observed on ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, and ‘Red Delicious’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) sampled from commercial packinghouses in Washington State. Losses as high as 24% in storage bins were observed in July on ‘Red Delicious’. The disease started at the stem bowl area or the calyx end of the fruit. Decayed fruit was apparently not wounded. Decayed areas were brown and firm. Internal decayed flesh appeared yellowish brown. On ‘Red Delicious’ apples, decayed fruit was apparently discolored from red to brown. As the disease advanced, pycnidia of a fungus might form on the stem, sepals, or the surface of decayed fruit. Pycnidia were 0.3 to 0.7 mm in diameter, black, and partially immersed in decayed tissues. To isolate the causal agent, decayed fruit was lightly sprayed with 70% ethanol and air dried. Fragments of diseased tissue were removed from the margin of diseased and healthy tissue and plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus was consistently isolated from decayed fruit with the symptoms described above. On PDA, the colonies of the fungus first appeared with dense hyaline mycelium and later turned light yellow to yellow. Black pycnidia of the fungus formed on 2- to 3-week-old oatmeal agar cultures at 20°C under 12-h alternating cycles of fluorescent light and dark. The fungus was identified as Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens Xiao & J. D. Rogers, based on the description of the fungus (1). Voucher specimens were deposited at the WSU Mycological Herbarium. Two isolates of the fungus recovered from decayed apples were tested for pathogenicity on apple. Fruit of ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ were surface-disinfested for 5 min in 0.5% NaOCl, rinsed, and air dried. Fruit was wounded with a sterile 4-mm-diameter nail head. A 4-mm-diameter plug from the leading edge of a 3-day-old PDA culture or plain PDA (control) was placed in the wound of each of 10 replicate fruit for each isolate or control. Fruit was tray packed with polyethylene liners and stored in cardboard boxes in air at 3°C, and decay was evaluated 2 weeks after inoculation. Five decayed fruits from each treatment were selected for reisolation of the causal agent. The experiment was conducted twice. In a separate pathogenicity test, two isolates (one each from apple and pear) were included in the test. Fruit of ‘Red Delicious’ apple was prepared and inoculated as the same manner described above, but fruit was stored in air at 0°C. The experiment was conducted twice. All fruit that were inoculated with the fungus developed decay symptoms. No decay developed on fruit in the controls. The same fungus was reisolated from decayed fruit. This indicates that isolates from apple and pear were pathogenic to apple. S. pyriputrescens is the causal agent of a newly reported postharvest disease on ‘d'Anjou’ pears (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus causing postharvest fruit rot on apple. We propose ‘Sphaeropsis rot’ as the name of this new disease on apple and pear. Preliminary evidence suggests that infection of fruit by this fungus occurred in the orchard prior to storage. Reference: (1) C. L. Xiao and J. D. Rogers. Plant Dis. 88:114, 2004.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Effect of Different Essential Oils in Management of Post-Harvest Fruit Rot of Banana (Musa Paradisiaca) Caused by Colletotrichum spp

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/ijasbt.v9i3.38614 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 187-192

Author(s):

Pramod Gairhe ◽

Sandesh Bhandari ◽

Hom Prasad Sitaula ◽

Beautina Karki ◽

Hira Kaji Manandhar

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Mustard Oil ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Post Harvest ◽

And Control ◽

Percent Growth Inhibition

A study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different essential oils in the management of post-harvest fruit rot of banana. It was carried out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and six treatments at Nepal Plant Diseases and Agro Associates (NPDA). The each of six treatments: cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum verum), mustard oil (Brassica oleracea), castor oil (Ricinus communis), neem oil (Azadirachta indica), coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) and control were used at concentrations 200ppm, 500ppm and 1000ppm respectively. The radial growth of mycelium (mm) and percent growth inhibition (%) of Colletotrichum spp. was recorded. The decrease in the radial growth and increase in the percent growth inhibition was found in all the treatments except control as their concentration was increased, in which the lowest radial growth and the highest percent growth inhibition was found at 1000 ppm concentration. At 1000 ppm concentration, cinnamon oil shows the lowest radial growth and the highest percent growth inhibition (1.67mm and 98.15%) followed by mustard oil (54.00mm and 40.00%), neem oil (55.17mm and 38.70%), castor oil (55.83mm and 37.96%), coconut oil (61.17mm and 32.04%) and control (90mm and 0.00%) respectively.Thus, cinnamon oil is considered as a good essential oil in regards to a management of post-harvest disease of banana. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(3): 187-192.

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In vitro antibacterial activity of 34 plant essential oils against Alternaria alternata

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201913606006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 136 ◽

pp. 06006

Author(s):

Qiyu Lu ◽

Ji Liu ◽

Caihong Tu ◽

Juan Li ◽

Chunlong Lei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Drug Susceptibility ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Mustard Essential Oil

To determine the antibacterial effect of 34 plant essential oils on Alternaria alternata, 34 plant essential oils such as asarum essential oil, garlic essential oil, and mustard essential oil are used as inhibition agents to isolate A. alternata from citrus as indicator bacteria, through the bacteriostasis test and drug susceptibility test, the types of essential oils with the best inhibitory effect were screened and their concentration was determined. The results showed that the best inhibition effect was mustard essential oil with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250 μl/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 250 μl/L. Followed by the Litsea cubeba essential oil and basil oil, the minimum inhibitory concentration is 500 μl/L.

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