Effect of Pretreatment, Fermentation Medium and Solid Loading Rate on The Production of Bio- Ethanol from Fruit Waste Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The rapid increase in world’s population and growing industrialization are major sources of energy consumption, therefore energy demand is expanding continuously. The first-generationfeedstocklike maize, sugarcane, wheat,etc.can be used to producebioethanol, but due to food and feed security issues,first-generation feedstockcannot beused to producebioethanol.To overcome the feed and food security issue related to first-generationfeedstock, waste fruitcan beused to produce bioethanol.In this experiment, firstly the effect of pretreatment technique on glucose generationisobserved. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation(SSF)experiment carried outat a pH of 4.5 and temperature of 30°C for 48 hwithfermentation helping nutrientsusing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A nearly equal amount of glucose concentration is observed from samplestreated with hot water, 1%H2SO4, 5%H2SO4,and without any pretreatment. SSF results also revealed that fermentation helping nutrientshasnosignificanteffecton the production of bioethanol at the same concentration. Second part of the experiment deals with the effect of solid loading rate, which is directly proportional to glucose concentration 10-20% (w/w) and time for fermentation (48-96 hours) on generation of bioethanolfrom fruit waste. Solid loadingrate and reaction time for SSF hada significant effect on the production of bioethanol. Optimized 41.19gL-1bioethanol concentration was observed with solid load rate of 20% (w/w) and fermentation period of 58.8 h.High yield ofbioethanolcan be achieved using fruit waste at domestic scale with minimum operational requirements

Agro-Morphological Characterization of Oat Genotypes Under Climatic Conditions of Tandojam

The current study was conducted at Agronomy Section,Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam during the growing season of 2019-20,toassess new oat genotypes for their growth performance under the environmental conditions of Tandojam. For this study, a total of eleven new oat genotypes along with one check genotypewere grown for their evaluation. A total of seven characters consistingcrop stand (m-2), plant height (cm), leaves plant-1, number of tillers plant-1, leaf area (cm-2), green fodderand dry mater yield (t ha-1)were investigated. The mean squares values for the investigated traits of all the genotypes were found significantly different(P≤0.05) among the genotypes, which showsthat these genotypes possess valuable genetic combinations for further improvements. Under the agro-climatic conditions of Tandojam, the maximum crop stand (96.66 m-2), greater green fodder (86.00 t ha-1) and alsomaximum dry matter yield (43.00 t ha-1) was produced by Entry-D; the Entry-H produced the tallest plants (96.66 cm) and maximum number of leaves plant-1(68.00). WhereasEntry-F produced maximum number of tillers plant-1 (17.66). Hence, these oat genotypes may be preferred for commercial cultivation in the tested climatic conditions. Regarding correlation results, the traits crop stand (r=0.93**), tillers plant-1 (r=0.39*) and leaf area (r=0.38*) showed significant and positive associations with green fodder yield, hence these characters may be given priority in high yielding oat cultivar development

Checking the Significance of Correlation Coefficient from the Regression Analysis using Wheat Yield.

Major objective of the present study is estimate regression model and Correlation coefficient. The data were collected from the wheat section, Agriculture Research Institute (ARI) Tandojam, regarding various factors influencing on the wheat production. The survey result show that yield has significant positive correlation with the parameters such as the number of tillers per plant, number of seed per spike, length of spike in cm, the number of spikes let per, tiller per hectare and plant height cm. The parameter of wheat number of tillers per plant meter square standard error is (0.569), coefficient is (0.816). T-value is (1.43) and with positively significant is (0.018). The parameter of number of seed per spike standard error is (0.107) coefficient is (0.0811) To determine the effect of dependent and independent T-value of (0.75) with significant (0.4724).The parameter of wheat is length of spike in cm is standard error is (1.704), Coefficient is (1.092), T-value is (0.64) with the positively significant is (0.029) T-value is (2.20) and with positively significant is (0.039).The parameter of tiller per hectare is standard error is (0.026), standardized The Number of spike let per spike with standard error of this parameter (0.5172)coefficient is (1.135), the coefficients beta is (0.041), and T-value of this parameter is (1.73) and with the positively significant value is (0.121). The parameter of wheat is day of heading cm with the standard error is (0.650), the standardized coefficient beta is negative (1.426), the T – value of this parameter is (-2.19) with the weak significant of (0.059). The parameter of wheat is plant height cm standard error is (0.203), with standardized coefficient beta is (0.081), T-value of this parameter is (0.40) with the significant value is (0.697). The parameter of lodging score per hector centimeter with standard error is (0.662), the standard coefficient of beta is (-0.504), T-value of this parameter is (-0.76), with the significant of (0.468).The parameter of number of grains weight in grams with standard error is (0.245) standardized coefficient of beta is (0.106), T-value is (0.43) with the significant value is (0.677). The parameter of wheat is seed index 1000 grains weight with standard error is (3.437) , coefficient is (0.384) , T-value is (0.11) With the significant value is (0.913).The parameter of wheat is plot yield gram with standard error is (0.0215), with coefficients is (-0.036), is T-value of this parameter is (-1.72) with the significant value is (0.124). The Parameter of wheat is nitrogen per hector kilogram with standard error is (0.168), coefficient is (0.1688), is T-value is (1.00) with the significant of (0.345).The parameter of Phosphorus per hack Kg with standard error is (0.333), coefficient of is (-0.138), T-value is this parameter is (-0.42) with the significant of (0.688). It is suggested that the more factors can be studied and different statistical techniques, agronomics practices and different doses of fertilizer can be applied for the high production of wheat crop.

Azolla as Waste Decomposer and Bio-fertilizer: A Review

In modern-day agriculture, we are well aware of the utilization of artificial fertilizers in the soil to supply major soil nutrients for plant growth and development. The most common used nutrients in agroecosystem are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). These fertilizers cause an increase in crop production, but the excess use of these fertilizers has several health hazards for the plants and animals feeding on them. Presently the consumer's preference has been shifted from synthetic fertilizer-based food to organic food. This paper aims to review the results of the research work done in the past few decays on the environment detoxification and beneficial effects of Azolla (aquatic fern) on plants and soil health. Hopefully, it will help the collaborative research on this “green gold” in the future.Azolla fixes the free-living atmospheric N as they have symbiotic Cyanobacterium Anabaena Azolla. Azolla adds organic matter and provides natural mulch to the soil because of these benefits is known as bio-fertilizer. Azolla remediates industrial and sewage water by accumulating heavy metals in their body and plays an active role in the reclamation of salt-affected soil by accumulating heavy metals and salts and by increasing the soil organic matter

Screening of Wheat Genotypes Against Leaf Rust Under Artificial and Natural Environmental Condition

Rust diseases are considered to be responsible for significant qualitative and quantitative damages on wheat. However, the severity of rust diseases can be managed through development of resistant lines. The present study was aimed to scrutinize existing wheat germplasm against leaf rust and stripe rust of wheat. For this purpose 30 wheat genotypes were assessed for disease resistance under artificial inoculation conditions and 16 genotypes were evaluated under natural conditions at Nuclear Institute for Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Pakistan. The disease severity ratings were taken according to Cobs’scale. The studies revealed that wheat genotypes were markedly differed in their resistance to leaf and stripe rust. Among the tested wheat lines / varieties, 6 were rated as resistant, 6 moderately resistant, 13 showed MRMS type response, 2 showed moderately susceptible reaction, 3 lines/varieties displayed susceptible response against leaf rust under artificial conditions. Moreover, under natural conditions 1 was rated as resistant, 2 showed MRMS type response against leaf rust and all were found resistant or immune against stripe rusts under both the conditions. Hence, it was suggested that resistant genotypes evaluated from these studies can be deployed in the future breeding strategies to evolve the resistant varieties against leaf & stripe rusts of wheat

Evaluation of Yield and its Components in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes

Bread wheat is an important food crop of world and Pakistan. An experiment was conducted in winter wheat growing season to assess yield and yield related traits of newly evolved wheat genotypes. The 16 wheat genotypes includes 14 advanced lines viz., CIM-04-5, CIM-04-21, CIM-04-3, C7-98-11, 5-02, V2-10-12, CIM-03-2, C2-98- 6, 6-12, V3-10-9, C6-98-5, V3-10-32, C2-98-8, V2-10-21 and 2 local checks NIA Sunhari and Kiran 95 were tested. Experimental design was laid out in RCBD with 3 replicates. Mean square for genotypes showed high significantly differences for most of agro-morphological characters. Mean and range of all wheat genotypes for all the traits indicated a considerable variability between genotypes. Mean performance for the trait grain yield showed that newly developed genotypes C2-98-8, CIM-04-21, V3-10-32 and CIM-04-3 produced higher grain yield (3 to 3.25 kg plot-1) than both the contesting check varieties. High significantly and positively correlation of the plot yield to thousand grain weight (0.41**), biomass (0.41**) and harvest index (0.86***) with grain yield were found. It indicated that by improving these three traits, we can significantly improve grain yield. Selected genotypes and traits can be used in breeding program for wheat improvement.

Forecasting Techniques for Wheat Production in Sindh Province

The present study is an attempt to forecast the wheat production in Sindh province of Pakistan using sophisticated statistical techniques. The secondary data regarding area, production and yield of wheat crop were collected for the last thirty years (1984-85 to 2013-14) for estimation and forecasting purposes using time series techniques such as moving averages and exponential smoothing. The estimates for three, five and seven-years moving averages for area were found to have a minimum value of 849.87,863.04, and 890.09 hectares and maximum value of 1129.4,1111.58, and 1109.6 hectares respectively. Likewise, for production, these estimates were found as 2065.57, 2117.7, 2154.3 and 3917.50, 3740.8, 3469.4 tons respectively. So, for as the yield is concerned, the above-mentioned estimates for minimum and maximum were found as 2071.7, 2107.8, 2121 and 3574.0, 3520, and 3414 respectively. Based on the findings of the present study, it is concluded that during the last thirty years the area, production and yield under wheat cultivation showed an increasing trend. In case of forecasting, the area and production under wheat cultivation was increase in the coming year, but the yield under wheat cultivation was considerably decreased due to shortage of irrigation water.

Azolla as Waste Decomposer and Bio-fertilizer: A Review

In modern-day agriculture, we are well aware of the utilization of artificial fertilizers in the soil to supply major soil nutrients for plant growth and development. The most common used nutrients in agroecosystem are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). These fertilizers cause an increase in crop production, but the excess use of these fertilizers has several health hazards for the plants and animals feeding on them. Presently the consumer's preference has been shifted from synthetic fertilizer-based food to organic food. This paper aims to review the results of the research work done in the past few decays on the environment detoxification and beneficial effects of Azolla (aquatic fern) on plants and soil health. Hopefully, it will help the collaborative research on this “green gold” in the future.Azolla fixes the free-living atmospheric N as they have symbiotic Cyanobacterium Anabaena Azolla. Azolla adds organic matter and provides natural mulch to the soil because of these benefits is known as bio-fertilizer. Azolla remediates industrial and sewage water by accumulating heavy metals in their body and plays an active role in the reclamation of salt-affected soil by accumulating heavy metals and salts and by increasing the soil organic matter