scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Plant's Essential Oils against Post Harvest Fungal Disease of Apple Fruit

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Nirjan Oli ◽  
Uday Kumar Singh ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Eucalyptus Citriodora ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Cinnamomum Tamala ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Apple Fruits

Bioactive natural compounds are developed as alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of rot diseases of apple fruit. The antifungal activity of essential oils exudes from five plants, namely, Cinnamomum tamala, Lantana camara, Ageratina adenophora, Citrus limetta and Eucalyptus citriodora were evaluated in vitro against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata causing postharvest rot disease in apple fruits. The pathogens were isolated from infected apple fruits collected from local markets of Kathamandu, Nepal. The essential oils were extracted through hydro-distillation process using Clevenger apparatus. The pathogenicity test was confirmed by inoculating pathogen into healthy apple fruit. The assessment of fungi toxicity was carried out by poison food technique using five different concentrations: 2.5μl/ml, 5μl/ml, 10μl/ml, 20μl/ml and 40μl/ml and controls were set to determine percentage inhibition of mycelial growth to test fungi. Among tested five essential oils, Cinnamomum tamala showed most effective antifungal activity against all three pathogens, which inhibited mycelium growth by 100% at 40 μl/ml concentrations. However, Eucalyptus citriodora showed all three pathogens inhibited mycelium growth by 65.87%, 73.17% and 86.91%, respectively at 40 μl/ml concentration.

scholarly journals Chemical constituents, in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of Mentha×Piperita L. (peppermint) essential oils

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagarjuna Reddy Desam ◽  
Abdul Jabbar Al-Rajab ◽  
Mukul Sharma ◽  
Mary Moses Mylabathula ◽  
Ramachandra Reddy Gowkanapalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

scholarly journals Trichomes Morphology and Essential Oils Characterization of Field-Growing and In Vitro Propagated Plants of Lavandula pedunculata

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 148-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zuzarte ◽  
A.M. Dinis ◽  
C. Cavaleiro ◽  
J. Canhoto ◽  
L. Salgueiro
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Leaf Trichomes ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of native Lavandula species and their economic exploitation have increased in the last few years. Micropropagation techniques have been used as an alternative for vegetative propagation allowing the multiplication of selected genotypes and chemotypes. Our previous studies showed that the essential oils of Lavandula pedunculata have an important antifungal activity against dermatophyte strains. Therefore, a new line of investigation concerning the in vitro culture of this species is justified. In the present study we compare the morphology of the leaf trichomes and the chemical composition of their essential oils in both field-growing and in vitro propagated plants.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from four Asteraceae plants grown in Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Vanessa Bandeira Reidel ◽  
Simona Nardoni ◽  
Francesca Mancianti ◽  
Claudia Anedda ◽  
Abd El-Nasser G. El Gendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
First Time

Abstract The objective of the present paper was the assessment of the chemical composition of the essential oils from four Asteraceae species with a considerable food, medicinal, and agricultural value, collected in Egypt, together with their in vitro inhibitory activity against molds and yeasts. The essential oil of Launaea cornuta flowers was also evaluated for the first time, but because of its very low yield (<0.01%), no antifungal test was performed.

scholarly journals Effect of the Chemical Composition of Free-Terpene Hydrocarbons Essential Oils on Antifungal Activity

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 3532
Author(s):  
Ben Salha ◽  
Herrera Díaz ◽  
Lengliz ◽  
Abderrabba ◽  
Labidi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Oxygenated Compounds ◽  
Food Spoilage Fungi

In this study, Carum carvi L. essential oil (CEO) and Origanum majorana L. essential oil (MEO) was steam-distillated under reduced pressure. We henceforth obtained three fractions for each essential oil: CF1, CF2, CF3, MF1, MF2, and MF3. Then, these fractions were characterized using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results indicated that some fractions were rich in oxygenated compounds (i.e., CF2, CF3, MF2, and MF3) with concentrations ranging from 79.21% to 98.56%. Therefore, the influence of the chemical composition of the essential oils on their antifungal activity was studied. For this purpose, three food spoilage fungi were isolated, identified, and inoculated in vitro, in order to measure the antifungal activity of CEO, MEO, and their fractions. The results showed that stronger fungi growth inhibitions (FGI) (above 95%) were found in fractions with higher percentages of oxygenated compounds, especially with (−)-carvone and terpin-4-ol as the major components. Firstly, this work reveals that the free-terpenes hydrocarbons fractions obtained from MEO present higher antifungal activity than the raw essential oil against two families of fungi. Then, it suggests that the isolation of (−)-carvone (97.15 ± 5.97%) from CEO via vacuum distillation can be employed successfully to improve antifungal activity by killing fungi (FGI = 100%). This study highlights that separation under reduced pressure is a simple green method to obtain fractions or to isolate compounds with higher biological activity useful for pharmaceutical products or natural additives in formulations.

scholarly journals Application of Plant Extracts to Control Postharvest Gray Mold and Susceptibility of Apple Fruits to B. cinerea from Different Plant Hosts

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Šernaitė ◽  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Cinnamon Extract ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Apple Fruits

Sustainable plant protection can be applied on apples against fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea (which is responsible for gray mold)—a significant global postharvest disease. This pathogen can affect a wide range of hosts; and fruits may have variable susceptibilities to B. cinerea from different plant hosts. New possibilities to control gray mold in food production are under demand due to the emergence of resistance against antifungal agents in fungal pathogens. Cinnamon, pimento, and laurel extracts were previously assessed for antifungal activities under in vitro conditions and were found to have the potential to be effective against postharvest gray mold. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of cinnamon, pimento, and laurel extracts in vitro and against postharvest gray mold on apples to determine the susceptibility of apple fruits to B. cinerea from different plant hosts, and to analyze the chemical composition of the extracts. Apples (cv. “Connell Red”) were treated with different concentrations of extracts and inoculated with B. cinerea isolates from apple and strawberry followed by evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity. The results reveal that most of the concentrations of the extracts that were investigated were not efficient enough when assessed in the postharvest assay, despite having demonstrated a high in vitro antifungal effect. Apples were less susceptible to B. cinerea isolated from strawberry. To conclude, cinnamon extract was found to be the most effective against apple gray mold; however, higher concentrations of the extracts are required for the efficient inhibition of B. cinerea in fruits during storage.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition and Antifungal Effects of Vitex agnus-castus L. and Myrtus communis L. Plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 466-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melih YILAR ◽  
Yusuf BAYAN ◽  
Abdurrahman ONARAN
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Agnus Castus ◽  
Petri Dishes

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of essential plant oils from Vitex agnus-castus L. (VAC) and Myrtus communis L. against the plant pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Synder & H.N. Hans, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary and Verticillium dahliae Kleb., and to determine the chemical composition of the compounds in these essential oils. GC/MS analysis was identified 25 different compounds in VAC essential oil, while the main compounds were determined as Eucalyptol (17.75%), β-Caryophyllene (13.21%) and Spathulenol (10.41%). On the other hand, the essential oil of M. communis, consisted of 16 different compounds which were Eucalyptol (49.15%), Myrtenol (19.49%) and α-Pinene (8.38%) being its main compounds. An assessment of antifungal activity was performed under in vitro conditions. Plant pathogens were inoculated onto Petri dishes (60 mm) containing PDA medium (10 mL/Petri-1), and plant essential oils were applied at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 5 and 10 (μL/Petri-1) into the 5 mm diameter wells opened on the Petri dish surface. After that, the Petri dishes incubated at 22±2 °C. The results of this study, the essential oil of M. communis, at a dose of 10 μL/ Petri, inhibited the 100% mycelium growth of V. dahliae, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani. The highest dose of VAC essential oil was also 100% inhibited V. dahliae and S. sclerotiorum. The LC50 and LC90 values of M. communis and VAC essential oil calculated for V. dahliae, FORL, S. sclerotiorum and R. solani. This plant extracts were shown by in vitro conditions to be potential antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Essential oils against Candida spp: in vitro antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. 2245-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brum Cleff Marlete ◽  
Madrid Isabel ◽  
Raquel Meinerz Ana ◽  
Carlos Arauacute jo Meireles Maacute rio ◽  
Roberto Braga de Mello Joatilde o ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

scholarly journals Effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two main components, carvacrol and thymol, on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9626
Author(s):  
Huiyu Hou ◽  
Xueying Zhang ◽  
Te Zhao ◽  
Lin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Main Components

Background Botrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea. Methods Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo. Results Of all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control. Conclusions OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

scholarly journals DIAGNOSIS DAN PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT ANTRAKNOSA PADA PAKIS DENGAN FUNGISIDA

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-200
Author(s):  
Christanti Sumardiyono ◽  
Tri Joko ◽  
Yuli Kristiawati ◽  
Yufita Dwi Chinta
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Field Application ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Poisoned Food Technique

Leatherleaf fern is an important export commodity of floriculture.  One of the most destructive disease on leatherleaf fern is anthracnose. The aim of this study was to identify the causal agent of antracnose-like disease on leatherleaf fern, to detect the pathogen in soil, and to control the disease with fungicides. Diagnosis was done with modified Koch Postulate. Identification of the pathogen was done by direct observation from the symptom under microscope. Isolation of the pathogen from die back leaves and soil was done on PDA. Inoculation was done on apple fruit indicator. The tested fungicides were difeconazole, benomyl, mancozeb+cymoxanil 8/64, tebuconazole, acebenzolar e-methyl+mancozeb 1/48, mancozeb, and 73.8% mancozeb + 6.2% carbendazim. In vitro test was done by poisoned food technique at 0% (checked), 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% concentration, while field test was done at 0.4% level concentration. Field application of pesticides was conducted by spraying twice a week for eight weeks. The result showed that the anthracnose-like disease of leatherleaf fern was anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum sp. The pathogen was found and survived in soil. In vitro test showed that 0.4% was the best concentration to inhibit mycelium growth. Based on this result, field experiment  was done on 0.4% concentration of fungicides. The mixture of 73.8% mancozeb and 6.2% carbendazim  was the most effective fungicide to inhibit Colletotrichum sp. in vitro. Spraying with 0.4% concentration eight times significantly reduced disease intensity in the field.

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