Introduction

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yaron Harel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
External Balance ◽  
Western Influences ◽  
Transitional Phase

This chapter talks about how the Syrian Jewish community as one sector of the variegated Ottoman mosaic experienced the changes sweeping the empire. It looks at the eighteenth-century exposure of Aleppine Jews to western influences. It also notes how the eighteenth century in the Ottoman Empire can be identified as a transitional phase containing traditional and new elements, which eventually gave way to more thoroughgoing westernization and modernization in the nineteenth century. The chapter discusses how Albert Hourani's characterization of the eighteenth-century Ottoman Empire that transitions in both the internal and external balance of power. It analyses the European–Ottoman relationship that had been grounded in military and diplomatic equality.

scholarly journals Crossing the Mediterranean

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Ozan Ozavci
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Discursive Practice ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
The Will ◽  
Political Economic

This chapter discusses that the French invasion of Egypt in 1798 epitomized a discursive practice in the Levant. European Great Powers of the time looked to supply security beyond their imperial territories by military expeditions, allegedly for the benefit of the locals even if against the will of the regional sovereigns—in this case, the Ottoman imperial rulers. The architects of the 1798 occupation, Bonaparte and Talleyrand, portrayed their expedition as a ‘service’ the Ottoman Empire. But, in reality, the 1798 expedition was the outcome of decades long debates in France. It ultimately resulted from a diverse set of geostrategic, political, economic and financial determinants that defined the Eastern Question in the late eighteenth century. What exactly did the Eastern Question pertain to before the nineteenth century then? And how did 1798 relate to it?

Das Bild eines „europäischen Goethe“ in Nietzsches Götzen-Dämmerung. Einige Bemerkungen

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Aldo Venturelli
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Intellectual Heritage ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article analyses the origin of TI 49–51 on the basis of several posthumous fragments from the autumn of 1887, which had been reworked in 1888. This analysis highlights significant connections that got lost along the way to the final version of these aphorisms, such as Nietzsche’s comparison between Goethe and Spinoza which, in 1887, was the beginning of his updated reflections on Goethe. The origin and context of these aphorisms allow for a better understanding of the long-established image of Goethe expressed in the aphorisms of Twilight of the Idols and their close connection to the new reflections on Goethe as they had already come to the fore in Human, All Too Human when Nietzsche distanced himself from Wagner’s ideas. This also presents the opportunity for a more careful consideration of Nietzsche’s conception of European culture and its intellectual heritage and his relation to Napoleon as well as his characterization of the eighteenth-century and the need for self-overcoming during the nineteenth-century. Nietzsche considered this self-overcoming to be an important aspect of his thinking, and Goethe was an important precursor for Nietzsche’s conception of self-overcoming.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Secular Culture ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Jewish population of Poland–Lithuania. During the years of its flourishing, it gave rise to a unique religious and secular culture in Hebrew and Yiddish and enjoyed an unprecedented degree of self-government. Even after the upheavals which marked the beginning of the downfall of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Jewish community continued to grow and even to recover some of its vitality. In the late eighteenth century these lands saw the birth and development of hasidism, an innovative revivalist movement, which was eventually to win the allegiance of a large proportion of the Jewish population and which remains very much alive in the Jewish world today. The partitions of Poland at the end of the eighteenth century and again in 1815 divided Polish Jewry between the tsarist, Habsburg, and Prussian states. In all these areas, and particularly in the Pale of Settlement, the late nineteenth century saw the appearance and increasing ascendancy of ethnic and national conceptions of Jewish self-identification, in particular Zionism and Jewish autonomism.

Faces of God: The Ilan of Rabbi Sasson ben Mordechai Shandukh

Images ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-107
Author(s):  
Eliezer Baumgarten
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Rabbi Sasson ben Mordechai Shandukh was one of the leaders of the renewed Jewish community in Baghdad in the second half of the eighteenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Among the literary heritage left by Rabbi Sasson Shandukh, which includes moral literature, liturgical poems, halakhic literature and prominent Kabbalistic literature, are the unique Kabbalistic ilanot (rotuli “trees”) he created. The four long rotuli that he created that have reached us are the subject of this article. The kabbalistic ilanot of Shandukh are distinctive for their great length, their eclectic sources, for their interpretation of the Lurianic theory of emanation, and for their anthropomorphic representations of divine faces, drawn in accordance with the teachings of the famed Safed kabbalist R. Isaac Luria.

Eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hathaway
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
East African ◽  
Young Turks

Abstract This article surveys the employment of eunuchs in the Ottoman Empire. After placing the use of court eunuchs in a global historical context, the study turns to the earliest eunuchs in Ottoman employ, who were probably Byzantine prisoners of war. By the early fifteenth century, East African harem eunuchs had become an important element of the palace eunuch population, and the article discusses their procurement and castration. The construction of Topkap Palace in newly-conquered Constantinople during the 1450s laid the ground for the dichotomy between African harem eunuchs and white Third Court eunuchs. An equally important watershed occurred in the late sixteenth century, when the Chief Harem Eunuch assumed the supervision of the imperial pious endowments for Mecca and Medina, making him one of the most powerful figures in the empire. By the late seventeenth century, deposed Chief Harem Eunuchs often commanded the eunuchs who guarded the Prophet Muhammads tomb in Medina. The influence of all palace eunuchs decreased during the eighteenth century, as the grand vizier acquired ever more control over the empires administration. Nineteenth-century reforms dealt a permanent blow to the harem eunuchs authority, which ended entirely when the Young Turks disbanded the harem in 1909.Аннотация Статья рассматривает вопрос о привлечении на службу евнухов в Османскои империи. После общего обзора роли придворных евнухов в глобальном историческом контексте, исследование обращается к первым евнухам на османскои службе, которые вероятно были византиискими военнопленными. К началу XV в. восточно-африканские евнухи гарема стали важнои фракциеи среди дворцовых евнухов в статье рассматривается методика их отбора и кастрации. Строительство дворца Топкапы в недавно завоеванном Константинополе в 50-х гг. XV в. положило начало дихотомии между африканскими евнухами Гарема и белыми евнухами Третьего Двора. Не менее важным рубежом становится и конец XVI в., когда старшии евнух Гарема принял на себя обязанности по управлению имперскими благотворительными пожертвованиями в Мекку и Медину, что сделало этого сановника одной из самых могущественных фигур империи. К концу XVII в. низложенные главные евнухи Гарема часто принимали командование над евнухами, охранявшими гробницу Пророка Мухаммеда в Медине. Влияние дворцовых евнухов оказывается ослабленным в XVIII столетии, по мере того как великии визирь получал все большую власть над управлением империи. Реформы XIX столетия нанесли решающии удар по власти евнухов Гарема, которая полностью сошла на нет при расформировании его младотурками в 1909 г.

scholarly journals José Celestino Mutis’ appropriation of Newton’s experimental physics in New Granada (1761–1808)

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-323
Author(s):  
Sergio H. Orozco-Echeverri ◽  
Sebastián Molina-Betancur
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Physics ◽  
New Granada ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The One ◽  
Printed Sources

This paper characterizes José Celestino Mutis’ (1732–1808) appropriation of Newton in the Viceroyalty of New Granada. First, we examine critically traditional accounts of Mutis’ works highlighting, on the one hand, their inadequacy for directing their claims toward the nineteenth-century independence from Spain and, on the other, for not differentiating between Newtonianism and Enlightenment. Next, we portray Mutis’ complex Newtonianism from his own statements and from printed sources, including a variety of works and translations from British, Dutch, and French authors, in addition to a wide range of Newton’s writings, unusual for an eighteenth-century reader in the Americas. Finally, we analyze a salient claim of Mutis’ Newtonianism in order to depict his appropriation and transformation of Newton’s ideas: the characterization of Newtonian experimental physics as a useful science. In so doing, Mutis further developed metaphysical and methodological positions not present in Newton’s works.

Das Bild eines „europäischen Goethe“ in Nietzsches Götzen-Dämmerung. Einige Bemerkungen

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Aldo Venturelli
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Close Connection ◽  
Final Version ◽  
Intellectual Heritage ◽  
European Culture ◽  
The Way

Abstract This article analyses the origin of TI 49-51 on the basis of several posthumous fragments from the autumn of 1887, which had been reworked in 1888. This analysis highlights significant connections that got lost along the way to the final version of these aphorisms, such as Nietzsche’s comparison between Goethe and Spinoza which, in 1887, was the beginning of his updated reflections on Goethe. The origin and context of these aphorisms allow for a better understanding of the long-established image of Goethe expressed in the aphorisms of Twilight of the Idols and their close connection to the new reflections on Goethe as they had already come to the fore in Human, All Too Human when Nietzsche distanced himself from Wagner’s ideas. This also presents the opportunity for a more careful consideration of Nietzsche’s conception of European culture and its intellectual heritage and his relation to Napoleon as well as his characterization of the eighteenth-century and the need for self-overcoming during the nineteenth-century. Nietzsche considered this self-overcoming to be an important aspect of his thinking, and Goethe was an important precursor for Nietzsche’s conception of self-overcoming.

ALİ YAYCIOGLU, The Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions, 347 pages, bibliography, notes, index. Stanford University Press: Stanford CA, 2016. [Book Review]

Belleten ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (295) ◽  
pp. 1175-1182
Author(s):  
Gazi Giray Günaydın
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Global Age ◽  
New Generation

Ali Yaycioglu, who is an assistant professor at Stanford University, may be regarded as a follower of the trend of the new generation Ottoman historiography in the last decades. Yaycioglu has already proven his competence and originality with recent studies, particularly on the Ottoman provinces. In the Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions, he tries to go beyond the ordinary and exhibits the possibilities of the Ottoman Empire in the context of global age from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century.

Leadership and Communal Administration

2010 ◽  
pp. 58-76
Author(s):  
Yaron Harel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Institutional Structure ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
Muslim Communities

F OR centuries the institutional structure and functioning of the Syrian Jewish community was grounded in enduring worldwide patterns dating back to the talmudic period. By touching upon the structure and leadership of the religious minorities in the Ottoman empire, the Tanzimat altered the traditional autonomy of the non-Muslim communities vis-à-vis the imperial regime. The mid-nineteenth century saw the reorganization and remodelling of the structure of the Syrian Jewish communities under the influence of the Ottoman reforms. The most significant measures related to the institutionalization of the office of chief rabbi (...

First Signs of Westernization

2010 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Yaron Harel
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Jewish Settlement ◽  
European Jewish ◽  
The City ◽  
Extended Exposure

This chapter examines the perception of the eighteenth century that nurtures the seeds of change for the Ottoman Empire and applies to the Syrian Jewish community. It recounts the arrival of Italian Jewish merchants in eighteenth-century Aleppo that fostered significant changes in the socio-economic fabric of the long-standing Jewish community. It also discusses the roots of the uninterrupted Syrian Jewish settlement as the diaspora closest to Erets Yisra'el that lie in antiquity. The chapter cites the extended exposure of Aleppo's Jews to new European Jewish settlers in the city as the most significant force for change in the Syrian Jewish community in the eighteenth century. It describes how European Jews altered the communal and economic structure of Aleppine Jewry and ultimately affected other Syrian Jewish centres.

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