Celebrating Alonso Berruguete: art history and Spanish identity before and after the Civil War

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Tommaso Mozzati
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Art History ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
El Greco ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Time ◽  
Modern Image ◽  
Ideological Context

The article focuses on the national reception of the Spanish Renaissance sculptor and painter Alonso Berruguete over the twentieth century. It considers the artist’s critical fortunes, from the first monograph dedicated to Berruguete in 1917 to the erection of a monument in Palencia on the fourth centenary of his death in 1961. This article shows how Berruguete was used to consolidate a modern image of Spain and Spanishness, along with El Greco and others from the pantheon of Iberian art. This agenda, in which his works were interpreted in terms of spiritual realism and Catholic orthodoxy, was carried forward despite the dramatically changing ideological context before and after the Spanish Civil War. In this context, Berruguete was selected as a symbol of the true essence of the Spanish soul by critics such as Elías Tormo and Eugeni D’Ors. The framing of Berruguete in terms of this specific art historiography - to which this study devotes critical attention for the first time - can be considered one of the reasons for the modern interest in Berruguete and provides an important background for any study on the sculptor.

scholarly journals Herramienta software para optimizar la utilización de sistemas electromagnéticos de prospección geofísica en la Arqueología

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Fco. Guzmán Navarro ◽  
M. Meco Gutiérrez ◽  
J.R. Heredia Larrubia ◽  
Fco. Pérez Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
First Time

<p>This article shows the applicability of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to archaeological investigations, with the aid of a software that allows increasing the resolution of the measurements. This software has been applied for the first time in Baelo Claud in order to obtain information about city´s decumanus and the crossing with cardines minores Furthermore, the developed tools has also been used to locate in Málaga and Puerto Real (Cádiz) common graves where the remains of about 2,600 victims of the Spanish Civil War rest and the repression that came before and after the civil conflict.</p>

scholarly journals Abnegadas, monárquicas, intelectuales, sindicalistas y delatoras. Las trabajadoras del servicio doméstico, sus representaciones y movilizaciones = Selfless, monarchists, intellectuals, trade unionists and betrayers. Domestic workers, their representations and mobilizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Eider de Dios Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Domestic Service ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
First Time

Resumen: Durante los años que van de 1920 a 1938 coexistieron modelos diferentes de mujer y, al mismo tiempo, se diversificaron las imágenes que se tenía sobre las sirvientas. Durante la dictadura de Primo de Rivera el servicio doméstico no fue considerado como un trabajo. Y ya durante la II República, aunque oficialmente el servicio doméstico obtuviera ese estatus, no se llevaron a cabo modificaciones que hicieran práctica esa incorporación. De todas maneras, durante esos años estas mujeres pudieron sindicarse y denunciar a sus patrones/as por primera vez, así como organizar movilizaciones, lo que cambiaría el imaginario de las sirvientas por mucho tiempo.Palabras clave: Servicio doméstico, II República, Dictadura de Primo de Rivera, género, Guerra Civil.Abstract: During the years between 1920 and 1938, different models of women coexisted and, at the same time, the images of the maids were diversified. During the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, domestic service was not considered a job. During the Second Republic, although officially the domestic service was considered as a job, no modifications were made to make this incorporation practice. Anyway, during these years for the first time these women could unionize and denounce their bosses, organize mobilizations which would change the image of the maids for a long time.Keywords: domestic service, II Spanish Republic, Primo de Rivera´s dictatorship, gender, Spanish Civil War.

scholarly journals A tale of two centuries: The körtti movement and dress in battles over Finnish politics and identities

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Mari Almila
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Marriage Law ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Similar Kind

This article interrogates the transforming sartorial styles of the Christian Protestant revivalist körtti movement in Finland in and around two very specific historical moments: Finland’s independence from Russia in 1917, and the amendment of the Marriage Act in 2014 that saw the legalization of same-sex marriage in 2017. The analysis covers crucial periods before and after the independence: late nineteenth and early twentieth century, when Russia sought to tighten its control over autonomous Finland and the Finnish intelligentsia organized to resist such attempts; through the civil war of 1918, to the turbulent right-/left-divided years of the 1920s and 1930s. Then, the liberalization of the körtti movement from the 1960s and 1970s onwards, and the effect of this upon the debates and battles over the equal marriage law before and after the law came into effect is discussed. I show how, through changing histories, changing garments have the capacity to play key roles. By focusing on a particular movement through different times, the article will consider how groups that go by the same name may be fundamentally different from their historical predecessors; how they may yet recognize a similar kind of garment even if they attach different associations to it, and how new garments are sometimes required in order to communicate the new positions of those movements and individuals. In the context of analyses of garments and cultural positions, this underlines the necessity to think of certain ‘times’ as part of a continuum in which changes and continuities in dress play out and influence sociopolitical relations.

Tito's Secret Empire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Klinger ◽  
Denis Kuljis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
First Time

This groundbreaking biography of Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia presents many startling new revelations, among them his role as an international revolutionary leader and his relationship with Winston Churchill. It highlights his early years as a Comintern operative, the context for his later politics as a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). The authors argue that in the 1940s, between the dissolution of the Comintern and the rise of NAM, Tito's influence and ambition were far wider than has been understood, extending to Italy, France, Greece and Spain via the international communist networks established during the Spanish Civil War. The book discloses for the first time the connection between Tito's expulsion from the Cominform and the Rome assassination attempt on the Italian Communist Party leader, Palmiro Togliatti — the man who had plotted to overthrow Tito. The book offers a pivotal contribution to our understanding of Tito as a figure of real, rather than imagined, global significance. The book will reward those who are interested in the history of international Communism, the Cold War and the Non-Aligned Movement, or in Tito the man — one of the most significant leaders of the twentieth century.

THE ANXIETIES OF TIME IN THE SOCIAL LYRICS OF KYAZIM MECHIEV

Kavkazologiya ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 181-193
Author(s):  
T.Sh. BITTIROVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Protest ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Time

This article aims to determine the place of the topic of social justice in the work of the classic of Karachai-Balkarian literature Kyazim Mechiev and the forms of its artistic embodiment. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the poet's social lyrics are viewed in a broad historical context, in relation to the chronotope. The results obtained showed the scale of the poet's thinking, his sensitivity to historical and political transformations in the life of highland society. The work establishes how the events of the early twentieth century are refracted through the author's worldview and what place the theme of social protest occupies in the poetic heritage of the classic of Karachai-Balkarian literature K.B. Mechiev. Analyzed the poems of K. Mechiev, dedicated to the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary events, the civil war, their accordance to historical realities. The article reveals the depth and scale of reflection of the challenges of the time in the poet's work, his pain, despair and hope.

Policing Practices as a Vehicle for Brutalization: The Case of Spain’s Civil Guard, 1934–1936

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-668
Author(s):  
Foster Chamberlin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civil Guard

This article offers a new explanation for why brutalization occurred in only some parts of Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. The presence of veterans hardened by war was not enough for a broader brutalization of society to take place; the presence of pre-existing institutions with experience repressing civilian populations was also necessary so that their methods could then be applied more broadly by those in favour of employing brutality in political contestation and warfare. This article examines the repression of the rebellion of October 1934 in the Asturias region and the beginning of the Spanish Civil War as examples of this chain of events. Spain’s militarized police force, the Civil Guard, had a long history of dealing harshly with those who challenged the liberal regimes of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the suppression of the Asturias revolt, colonial officers were able to apply the Civil Guard’s pre-existing methods on a wider scale in their effort to cleanse Spanish society of radical elements. In the Civil War, they extended a similar pattern of repression across the entire country.

The Republican Theatre During the Spanish Civil War: Rafael Alberti's Numancia

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Political Theatre ◽  
Radical Innovations ◽  
Rafael Alberti ◽  
Max Aub

The Spanish theatre in the twentieth century has often been criticized for its allegedly poor and unoriginal qualities, only Lorca and Valle-Inclán being widely accepted as dramatists who sought to revitalize the theatre of their day. The period of the Civil War, however, was a time when a number of writers, such as Max Aub, Miguel Hernández and Rafael Alberti, made important experiments with political theatre which are as yet largely unstudied. It is the aim of this article to redress the balance somewhat, by suggesting that the Civil War was not a disaster for the Spanish theatre but gave rise to radical innovations which have generally been neglected, such as Alberti's 1937 adaptation of Cervantes's tragedy El cerco de Numancia (c. 1580–7).

scholarly journals THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CATALONIA. FROM CATACLYSM IN THE CIVIL WAR TO THE “EUPHORIA” OF THE 1950S

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100
Author(s):  
Andrew Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Cultural Activity ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
National Catholicism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

In the summer of 1936, with the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, the Catalan Church underwent a ferocious assault, without precedent in modern European history. Catalan society in the early decades of the twentieth century had been divided over its relationship to the Catholic Church, with some sectors being profoundly anti-clerical. Yet by the early 1960s, attitudes towards the Catholic Church had changed. This article is concerned with reconstructing Catalan and Catalanist Catholicism from one of profound crisis during the Civil War to its re-emergence from the confines of Spanish National Catholicism. Francoist victory in the Spanish Civil War meant the ending of indigenous Catholic traditions. However, from the mid-1940s we can trace the slow reconstruction of Catalan traditions, language and culture. All of the major expressions of Catalan identity until the 1960s were enabled due to this Catholic patronage. Whilst the Church was unable to reverse secularization trends, this involvement in cultural activity would transform its place within wider Catalan society. By the end of the period examined in this article, historic and deep rooted anti-clericalism in Catalonia was ending.

scholarly journals The valley of the fallen: a new El Escorial for Spain

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Queralt Solé
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The State ◽  
First Century ◽  
Mass Grave ◽  
Franco Regime ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
The Dead ◽  
First Time ◽  
New Location

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, Spain has experienced a cycle of exhumations of the mass graves of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) and has rediscovered that the largest mass grave of the state is the monument that glorifies the Franco regime: the Valley of the Fallen. Building work in the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, was begun in 1940 and was not completed until 1958. This article analyses for the first time the regimes wish, from the start of the works, for the construction of the Valley of the Fallen to outdo the monument of El Escorial. At the same time the regime sought to create a new location to sanctify the dictatorship through the vast transfer to its crypts of the remains of the dead of the opposing sides of the war.

The Mansana Collection. A Treasury of Japanese Art in Barcelona at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-209
Author(s):  
Ricard Bru
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Abstract Josep Mansana Dordan, a well-known Catalan late-nineteenth-century businessman, founded what is considered the finest collection of Japanese art established in Catalonia and in Spain at the turn of the century. In the early twentieth century, the Mansana Collection, as it was known, enjoyed popularity and prestige in Barcelona thanks to its constant expansion driven by the founder’s son, Josep Mansana Terrés, also an entrepreneur. The collection was well known at the time, but fell into oblivion after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. It was not until 2013 that, on the occasion of the exhibition Japonisme. La fascinació per l’art japonès, the collection began to be rediscovered and studied. This article aims to present a first complete overview of the history and characteristics of the old Mansana Collection and its impact on Barcelona at and immediately after the turn of the twentieth century.

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