Cryptocurrencies and the Causes of Prohibition from Shari’ah Perspective

النقود الافتراضية المشفرة وآثارها المفضية للقول بالتحريم علي مهدي الكثيري باحث في الاقتصاد الإسلامي - المملكة العربية السعودية الملخص يستعرض هذا البحث توضيحا لمفهوم النقود، وتطورها عبر التاريخ، وعلاقتها بالصورة الحديثة من العملات الرقمية، ومن ثم التعريف بالنقود الافتراضية المشفرة أو ما يسمى بالعملات الرقمية، إلى أن يصل بالقارئ إلى هدف هذا البحث وهو جمع شتات الأقوال الفقهية التي ترى عدم جواز التعامل بمثل هذا النوع من النقود، وأسباب التحريم، مع تصنيفها إلى ثلاثة أقسام رئيسة بحسب الآثار الناجمة عنها، وهي: انتشار الجريمة المنظمة، والاعتداء على صلاحية الدولة، والاعتداء على المال الخاص. ثم أوصت الدراسة بأهمية أن يولي الباحثون في العلوم الشرعية اهتماما أوسع في تحرير هذه النازلة، وأن تتولى الحكومات إصدار نقود رقمية معتمدة تنافس النقود الرقمية الحالية، وتستفيد من التسهيلات الموجودة فيها، حفظا لأموال مواطنيها وحماية لأمنها المالي والاقتصادي. الكلمات المفتاحية: الاقتصاد الإسلامي، العملات الافتراضية، النقود المشفرة. RESEARCH ARTICLE Cryptocurrencies and the Causes of Prohibition from Shari’ah Perspective Ali Mahdi Al-Kathiri Researcher in Islamic economics, Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Abstract This research reviews the concept of cash and currencies, its development throughout history, its relationship to the modern image of digital currencies, and the definition of encrypted virtual currencies or the so-called cryptocurrencies. The aim of this research is to collect the various jurisprudence sayings that consider the impermissibility of dealing with such type of money, the reasons for prohibition, and its classification into three main sections according to the effects resulting from it: the spread of organized crime, violating the authority of the state, and encroachment on private money. The study then recommended the importance that researchers in Islamic law and jurisprudence sciences pay greater attention to study this calamity, and that governments should issue certified digital currencies that competes with current digital currencies, and benefit from its facilitates in order to preserve the currencies of their citizens and protect their financial and economic security. Keywords: economics, virtual currencies, cryptocurrencies

Iconic Architecture in Morocco Two Pioneering Cities, Two Singular Towers

In town planning as in architecture, space is a true transcription of civilizational trends, the expression par excellence of civilizations, continues to develop through the spaces they close, the buildings that it includes and that take shape over time. In this sense, Morocco, an emerging country, is beginning to build a modern image for itself, in the face of time by having recourse to its two pioneer cities, Casablanca and Rabat-Salé. In doing so, many spectacular constructions of iconic buildings have emerged there, the work of star architects using designs distinguished by their complex structures and using innovative materials. This article deals with the design of two buildings through the combination of two concepts grouped together in their designs, namely, the singularity of their architectures in relation to their urban environment and their sought-after technological prowess. The choice fell on the CFC tower (Casablanca Finance City) located in the new urban center "Casablanca finance City" and the Bank of Africa tower also called Tour Mohammed IV, located in Bouregreg, emblematic site of the Rabat-Salé conurbation.

Chinese Destinations Related to Martial Arts Tourism from the UNESCO Perspective

The aim of this article is to investigate the authenticity of Shaolin Temple and Chenjiagou Village in the context of intensified martial arts tourism and UNESCO documents. Desk research, structured interviews and participant observation were used to investigate the issue. The issue of cultural and natural heritage has become part of the modern image of a powerful new China. They particularly use these resources in cultural tourism, where boasting of heritage listed on UNESCO’s tangible and intangible heritage list is certainly an appropriate impression. The UNESCO intangible and tangible heritage list also includes objects related to martial arts tourism (Shaolin Temple, Chenjiagou Village). The article presents how Western (American, European) preferences and expectations are visible in the way of preserving and using these objects with an attempt to maintain UNESCO standards. It has been noticed that the added objects/events/shows are accepted by the Chinese as increasing the attractiveness of the place, even if they are not thematically and historically related to it. The authors checked whether a certain cultural compromise is possible or whether these places are a completely Westernized product, taking the form of theme parks or ethnoparks. For Western tourists, such phenomena are often synonymous with the commercialization and falsification of the authenticity of a place, which is why the role of cultural education is very important, both in China and in Western countries.

EVOLUTION OF THE CULTURAL MODEL OF THE UKRAINE IMAGE IN THE INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SPACE

The purpose of the article is to determine the sociocultural determinants of the transformation of Ukraine foreign image under the influence of domestic and foreign political events and the state of its coverage in the information space; to ascertain the evolution of the cultural model of the image of Ukraine in the international information space. The research methodology consists in the use of interdisciplinary methods and approaches to identify information and communication technologies aimed at the formation of the international image of Ukraine; the principle of historicism allowed determining the stages of changes in the information space and the transformation of the geopolitical situation around Ukraine; the structural and comparative methods were used to determine the international media positions on Ukraine, their influence on the formation of its image. The scientific novelty of the research is in the presentation of the Ukraine image as an expression of the mentality of a particular cultural and historical community, an indicator of cultural meanings, unique design, mechanism of realisation of a national culture through a set of sign objectivations formed within a particular cultural and historical space and consolidated in the mental representations of individuals. Conclusions. It is proved that the negative image of Ukraine created by Western media affected the development of its tourism sector, the promotion of national cultural heritage and the investment climate significantly. The modern image of Ukraine is undergoing reformatting; there are significant cultural, political, and economic changes. The cultural model of the positive image of Ukraine in the international information space is determined by a properly structured state cultural policy and the effective use of modern image-making tools that can set it on the path of cultural, political and economic stabilisation.

Quantitative Assessment of Experimental Ocular Inflammatory Disease

Ocular inflammation imposes a high medical burden on patients and substantial costs on the health-care systems that mange these often chronic and debilitating diseases. Many clinical phenotypes are recognized and classifying the severity of inflammation in an eye with uveitis is an ongoing challenge. With the widespread application of optical coherence tomography in the clinic has come the impetus for more robust methods to compare disease between different patients and different treatment centers. Models can recapitulate many of the features seen in the clinic, but until recently the quality of imaging available has lagged that applied in humans. In the model experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we highlight three linked clinical states that produce retinal vulnerability to inflammation, all different from healthy tissue, but distinct from each other. Deploying longitudinal, multimodal imaging approaches can be coupled to analysis in the tissue of changes in architecture, cell content and function. This can enrich our understanding of pathology, increase the sensitivity with which the impacts of therapeutic interventions are assessed and address questions of tissue regeneration and repair. Modern image processing, including the application of artificial intelligence, in the context of such models of disease can lay a foundation for new approaches to monitoring tissue health.

Internationalisation of Higher Education in light of national development problems

The internationalisation largely determines the modern image of higher education and is considered one of the markers of the state’s national success. Slow development of internationalisation of higher education may indicate the occurrence of serious problems in national development, one way or another related to economic, political or social sustainability. In this regard, the internationalisation of higher education should be examined as an important object for socio-philosophical reflection that could shed light on the general problems of global development.

From a Romantic Shōjo to an Independent Otaku: The Transformations of the Female Protagonist in the Sarashina nikki Manga

This paper examines the three manga adaptations of Sarashina nikki (The Sarashina Diary, ca. 1058) written by Sugawara no Takasue no musume (Sugawara no Takasue's daughter) (1008-1059). The three manga adaptations were created in the early 1990s and in 2014, and belong to the genre of shōjo manga. Focusing on key episodes and scenes in the three manga rewritings, I examine how each recreates the heroine and why specific images of the eleventh-century woman emerged at the time they did. I argue that the shifting representations of the female protagonist in Sarashina nikki reflect social developments in Japan since the 1970s, including the decreasing importance of patriarchal norms and traditional roles assigned to women as wives and mothers. These adaptations show how the stereotypical view of young girls and women as cute (kawaii), which implies obedience, passivity, and dependence, has shifted towards a new, modern image of Japanese women who make independent choices regarding their social roles and careers.

Discourse analysis of young people regional identity (based on empirical research executed in Togliatti)

Scientific approaches to social identity consider it as a dynamic structure, the result of social construction. The purpose of the article is a discursive analysis of the image of the city, which characterizes the features of the structure of the regional identity of young people. The novelty of the approach is to develop a methodology for analyzing the discourse of regional identity based on the study of the image of the city in the minds of young people. Materials and methods: The empirical base of the study includes essays written by young residents of Togliatti about their attitude to the city, its history, past, present and future (N=25). Text analysis involves the study of structures of discourse that characterize the perception of the youth of the citys history, the modern image of the city, and ideas about its future. The results of the research: The results of the discursive analysis revealed the specifics of the description of the image of Togliatti by young people in three time dimensions: in the past, present and future. The analysis of the image of the historical past of the city shows that it includes the contrast of the Stavropol stage to the period of the second half of the twentieth century, when Togliatti was formed. The Soviet past of Togliatti has a value for young people as an era of great achievements. The modern image of Togliatti is constructed as a contrast to this period; the authors demonstrate critical attitude to it. The image of the future city is presented as optimistic but uncertain. Discussion and conclusions: The development of discursive analysis is a promising area of scientific research of regional identity. The methodology makes it possible to identify and describe the dynamic structures of images that shape the attitude of young people to the region.