FORMATION OF THE GENRE OF THE STORY IN THE CHERKESS LITERATURE: IDELOGICAL GUIDES AND THEMATIC REFERENCES

The article examines some of the issues of the formation and evolution of the genre of the story in Circassian literature. The relevance of the study is due, on the one hand, to the insufficient development of the stated topic, on the other hand, to the need to identify trends in the development of national prose, starting from the problems of its genesis. In the center of research attention is the ideological and thematic orientation of the Circassian story mainly of the initial stage of evolution, i.e. Soviet era. In particular, the author examines the stories of S. Temirov, I. Amirokov, M. Adamokov, H. Gashokov and others, who laid the foundations of the genre in Circassian literature. During the indicated period, the Circassian tale was the first attempt to comprehend the problems of collective farms, youth brigades, the Soviet attitude to work, the range of urgent problems of young people, their aspirations, the formation of the criteria of Soviet morality. It also reflects various aspects of the Great Patriotic War, mainly as a war for independence. The research uses the method of artistic analysis. The results obtained can be used in compiling special courses on Adyghe (Kabardino-Circassian) prose, writing the history of the literature of the peoples of the North Caucasus.

LITERARY HERITAGE OF AHMEDKHAN NALOYEV: MAJOR MILESTONES IN BIOGRAPHY AND PROBLEMS OF CREATIVITY (to the 100th anniversary of the birth of the writer)

The article is devoted to the study of the life and literary heritage of one of the significant creative figures in the Kabardian literature of the 60s – 80s. Of the twentieth century, which determined the features of the formation and development trends of national prose of the specified period. The relevance of the stated topic is due to the fact that until now in the Adygeyan literary criticism there are no generalizing works on the study of milestones in the biography and a comprehensive analysis of the literary work of A. Naloev. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time a comprehensive substantive and structural-compositional analysis of the writer's works is carried out, starting from the first sketches in the form of miniatures and satirical and humorous stories, ending with larger genres – a story and a novel. The aim of the study is to recreate a complete biographical and creative picture of the life of a talented writer, philologist, educator, educator who raised a whole generation of artists and workers of culture and education. To achieve the goal, a number of tasks are solved, among the main ones – the study of the milestones of the biography of A. Naloev, the analysis of works, the consideration of the ideological and thematic orientation and the genre-style paradigm of the writer's work, determination of the role and place of his creative heritage in national literature and in general in cultural development Adyghe ethnos. The study used general scientific methods with an emphasis on the method of analysis, description and generalization. The results obtained have theoretical significance for further study of national literatures. They can become a significant practical help in writing various kinds of research papers, as well as in the preparation of special courses in universities and colleges.

THE SEARCH FOR MUSLIM UNITY AND PARTICULARITIES OF ITS REFLECTION IN THE LITERATURE

The article examines the aspects of the involvement of the Adygs in the internal relations of the Islamic world, assesses the inevitability of their contact with the ideas of Islamic reformism and the reflection of these ideas in the literature. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the reflection of the paradigm of Islamic reformism in the written culture of the Adygs is one of the least studied pages of it. The few artistic reflections that are discussed in the work capture a clear attitude to the Turkophile tendencies that have emerged in the mainstream of this paradigm. In the didactic and journalistic writings of the leaders of the Baksan cultural movement, one can see the authoritative affiliation of the ideas they develop. However, it is not so much the socio-political aspects of the idea of Muslim unity that dominate, but its cultural potential, which opens up the possibility of reviving its own ethnic world.

BALLAD GENRE IN KABARDIAN LITERATURE: GENESIS AND EVOLUTION

The article is devoted to the study of the ballad genre in Kabardian literature: the features of its genesis and evolution are considered in the context of the general Adyge literary process. For the first time, the issues of the origin of the genre in national poetry are studied, the entire evolutionary path is traced, from the origins to the present. The specificity of mastering the genre by Kabardian authors is investigated, specific works are analyzed for compliance / non-compliance with its canons. The ballads of Z. Naloev, B. Utizhev, A. Orazaev, Kh. Kazharov, A. Bitsuev are subjected to a comprehensive, complex analysis, their content and structural-compositional features are revealed. The article uses a number of scientific methods, including the main ones - analysis, description, as well as comparative-historical and hermeneutic methods. The results obtained can be helpful in studying the history of the ballad genre in the Adyghe literature, more generally in the North Caucasian literature, as well as in compiling special courses and writing qualification and other types of research papers.

"THE WHOLE KABARDA WILL GREET THIS ACT WITH A SENSE OF GREAT MORAL SATISFACTION...". ARTICLE OF G. BAYEV "ABOUT JOINING OF MINOR KABARDA TO THE GREAT KABARDA

In publicist writings of G. Bayev were reflected many issues of socio-cultural development of the peoples of the Terek region in the second half of XIX – early XX centuries. Considerable attention Ossetian public figure paid to social and economic problems of peoples of Nalchik district. In particular they were treated in a context of functioning of their self-government – Congress of entrusted of the Great and Minor Kabarda and Five mountain societies. In January 1905, nine villages of Minor Kabarda concluded with G. Bayev an agreement to represent their interests in the petition to restore the unity of Great and Minor Kabarda within the Nalchik district. In the course of fulfilling of this task G. Bayev prepared an explanatory note and organised its information support. The basic positions of the petition's substantiation were stated in the article published in several issues of "Pyatigorskiy listok" at the beginning of June 1905. By its substantive qualities the material represented a detailed work on the history of the public self-government of Kabardians in the genre of zemstvo journalism. G. Bayev's systematic characterization of cultural and historical preconditions and administrative expediency of reunion of Great and Minor Kabarda convincingly testified to a deep understanding of socially significant tasks and the ways of their achievement necessary for socio-political and economic modernization of the territory. The result of his petition was the order of the viceroy of Caucasus I.I. Vorontsov-Dashkov of August 24, 1905 to incorporate the villages of Minor Kabarda to the Nalchik okrug. The publication of G. Bayev's article introduces into scientific circulation an informative source testifying to the formation of constructive skills of socio-state interaction in political culture of peoples of Terskaya oblast’ initiated by representatives of national intelligentsia of the region.

“…I AM CONVINCED THAT THERE WILL BE A KABARDIAN AUTONOMOUS OKRUG AND I WILL SUPPORT THE WILL Of THE WORKERS”. DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS ON THE WITHDRAWAL OF THE KABARDINSKY DISTRICT FROM THE MOUNTAIN ASSR IN 1921

The published documents were found in the archives of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. These are the materials of the meetings of the Soviet and party authorities of the Mountain Republic, which were devoted to the discussion of the problem of Kabarda's secession from the polyethnic mountain autonomy. The Kabardian problem was discussed several times by the leadership of the Mountain Republic in June 1921 before and after the congress of the peoples of Kabarda that took place this month. The minutes of the meetings have not yet been published in the published thematic collections of documents dedicated to the history of the nation-building of the peoples of the North Caucasus. The documents contribute to the understanding of the position of the statesmen of the Mountain Republic on the formation of new autonomous units and the identification of the concrete historical content of these processes. The protocols make it possible to reconstruct the process of not only the disintegration of the collective mountain statehood, but also make it possible to clarify important points in the history of its creation. Party and Soviet leaders often returned to the problems of the initial stage of the formation of the Mountain Republic. Further study of the problems of the formation of a system of national autonomies in the North Caucasus in recent times will largely depend, including on the introduction of new documents into scientific circulation and their interpretation by a wide range of researchers. In this regard, the published documents and materials are of great scientific interest.

RESULTS OF PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MESHOKO CERAMICS

The article presents the results of petrographic analysis of the ceramics of the Chalcolithic settlement of Meshoko. A total of 42 fragments were examined (see appendix), 10 of which belong to the upper part of the monument's sediments (layers 1 and 2a; Fig. 1), 20 refer to the middle part of the sediments (layer 2b; Fig. 2), 12 – to the lower part (layer 3; Fig. 3). Based on the analysis, 5 groups of ceramics were identified (Fig. 4). Group 1 consists of fragments with an admixture of limestone, group 2 – with an admixture of diorite, group 3 – with an admixture of biogenic carbonates and sand, group 4 – with an admixture of calcite, group 5 – with an admixture of diorite and chamotte. Clays of smectite composition predominate in groups 1 and 2, while clays of smectite-carbonate composition predominate in groups 3 and 4. Comparison of these groups with stratigraphy revealed that most of the ceramics of groups 3 and 4 are confined to the lower layer, and groups 1 and 2 to the middle and upper layer (Table 1). In addition, the ceramics of these layers differ in the nature of the external surface treatment. Significant changes in the technology of making ceramics during the transition from the lower layer to the middle layer allow us to assume corresponding changes in the composition of the population.

EXPERIENCE IN CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC WHEEL ROADS IN BALKARIAN SOCIETIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY

The article analyzes the construction of wheeled roads in Balkarian societies in the second half of the 19th century, based on the attracted archival material, which were extremely necessary for the residents of high-mountainous villages and the Russian administration. The construction of roads required colossal efforts of all residents of Balkaria, support of the district and regional authorities – gunpowder, sappers, engineering solutions. The material on the financial, material and labor costs of the entire population of Balkar societies is generalized, which gave reason to call them folk. The roads connected the highlanders with the flat part of the Kabardian district, helped to draw them into the system of commodity-money and socio-cultural relations of the Russian Empire. The facts indicate that the inhabitants of Balkar societies have certain financial savings spent on vital communication routes for them, which created the best conditions for the annual transportation of livestock to the plane – in spring and autumn, the delivery of bread, household goods, products of factories and plants, and the sale of manufactured products. The constructed roads contributed to the transformation of the traditional organization of work and life, ensuring the penetration of new social relations into the environment of Balkar society.

STATE POLICY FOR THE FORMATION OF HISTORICAL MEMORY OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941–1945: REGIONAL EXPERIENCE

The article examines the legal framework of patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation and the experience of forming historical memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 on the example of Kabardino-Balkaria. The state policy of patriotic education of citizens is analyzed in the context of changes in foreign policy and socio-political life in modern Russia. The process of development of regional legislation on the management of the sphere of patriotic education of citizens is considered. The experience of the work of state authorities, educational organizations and institutions of civil society in Kabardino-Balkaria in organizing the military-patriotic education of youth is summarized. The article reveals the activities of search teams to perpetuate the memory of those who died during the Great Patriotic War, as well as secondary schools, museums and libraries to form civic values of youth. The problems in the system of organization of patriotic education are revealed.

THE ANXIETIES OF TIME IN THE SOCIAL LYRICS OF KYAZIM MECHIEV

This article aims to determine the place of the topic of social justice in the work of the classic of Karachai-Balkarian literature Kyazim Mechiev and the forms of its artistic embodiment. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time the poet's social lyrics are viewed in a broad historical context, in relation to the chronotope. The results obtained showed the scale of the poet's thinking, his sensitivity to historical and political transformations in the life of highland society. The work establishes how the events of the early twentieth century are refracted through the author's worldview and what place the theme of social protest occupies in the poetic heritage of the classic of Karachai-Balkarian literature K.B. Mechiev. Analyzed the poems of K. Mechiev, dedicated to the pre-revolutionary and revolutionary events, the civil war, their accordance to historical realities. The article reveals the depth and scale of reflection of the challenges of the time in the poet's work, his pain, despair and hope.