scholarly journals Evolution of managerial problems from the perspective of management science

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Szarucki
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Management Science ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Management Problems ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Over Time

Managerial problems and the process of their solving play an important role both in the theory of management science and practice of organisations’ functioning. There is a gap in the literature related to the evolution of management problems in the context of the methodological approaches to solve them. The main goal of this paper was to analyse the evolution of the managerial problems from the perspective of management science and to present dominant methodological approaches for problem solving. Based on the extensive literature analysis in the discipline of management science, the evolution of the managerial problems was described with relation to the sixteen streams of management science. The author reviewed the selected classifications of the management theory as well as proposed his own perspective, which took into account managerial problems and their evolution over time. Moreover, there was presented an attempt to depict sources of management problems from the historical perspective within the methodological approaches of management science. Despite the broad view on management problems presented in this paper, such perspective gives a good ground for developing new more specific problem classifications, addressing different facets of managerial problems.

Synopsis of Euphorbia section Anisophyllum (Euphorbiaceae) in Italy, with an insight on variation of distribution over time in Tuscany

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 485 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-65
Author(s):  
MICHELE MUGNAI ◽  
LORENZO LAZZARO ◽  
LUCA DI NUZZO ◽  
BRUNO FOGGI ◽  
DANIELE VICIANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Level ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Taxonomic Study ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Colonizing Species ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Current State ◽  
Over Time

We present an updated taxonomic study of Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum (Euphorbiaceae) for Italy. A comprehensive body of knowledge has been developed thanks to the examination of about 1,250 herbarium specimens from 13 Italian herbaria, field surveys, and an extensive literature analysis. As a result, our revision included 10 species considered as currently occurring in Italy, of which 2 native (Euphorbia chamaesyce and E. peplis) and 8 alien (E. glyptosperma, E. humifusa, E. hypericifolia, E. maculata, E. nutans, E. ophthalmica, E. prostrata, and E. serpens). The revision included also additional 5 species previously erroneously recorded in Italy (E. berteroana, E. engelmannii, E. hyssopifolia, E. indica, and E. thymifolia) and other two species (E. hirta and E. humistrata) not occurring in Italy but closely related to recorded species and already established and considered as alien species in other countries. Current distribution and status at the regional level is updated for 7 species (E. berteroana, E. engelmannii, E. humifusa, E. hypericifolia, E. indica, E. nutans, and E. prostrata) and typification of 18 names (Chamaesyce glomerifera, E. boliviana, E. bracteolaris, E. brasiliensis, E. chamaesyce var. maculata, E. engelmannii, E. humifusa, E. hypericifolia var. communis, E. indica, E. klotzschiana, E. nutans, E. peplis, E. perforata, E. pinnulosa, E. preslii, E. procumbens, E. reichenbachiana, and E. trichogona) is also provided. For all taxa we report information about nomenclature, morphology, ecology, chorology, distribution, taxonomy, as well as an identification key for species identification and original photos. In addition, we provided a detailed statement of species of the section for Tuscany and we performed an analysis of distribution variation of different species over time in this region. Our results evaluate the current state of E. sect. Anisophyllum in Italy and highlight the presence of fluxes in densities of different species populations. In particular, a reduction of native and formerly colonizing species and an increase of more recently colonizing species is recorded.

scholarly journals 7 Specific problem solving skills

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Mette Brekke ◽  
Bernard Gay ◽  
Givi Javashvili ◽  
Janko Kersnik ◽  
Razvan Miftode ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Problem Solving Skills

Robots as cognitive tools

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Pfeifer
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Cognitive Tools ◽  
Developmental Robotics ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Natural Forms ◽  
Over Time

Artificial intelligence is by its very nature synthetic, its motto is “Understanding by building”. In the early days of artificial intelligence the focus was on abstract thinking and problem solving. These phenomena could be naturally mapped onto algorithms, which is why originally AI was considered to be part of computer science and the tool was computer programming. Over time, it turned out that this view was too limited to understand natural forms of intelligence and that embodiment must be taken into account. As a consequence the focus changed to systems that are able to autonomously interact with their environment and the main tool became the robot. The “developmental robotics” approach incorporates the major implications of embodiment with regard to what has been and can potentially be learned about human cognition by employing robots as cognitive tools. The use of “robots as cognitive tools” is illustrated in a number of case studies by discussing the major implications of embodiment, which are of a dynamical and information theoretic nature.

Identity Politics and Refugee Policies in Kupang, Eastern Indonesia: A Politico-Historical Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Andrey Damaledo
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Displaced People ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article assesses the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees and how it relates to different kinds of bureaucratic labelling of refugees as it unfolds in Indonesia’s region of Kupang. From a politico-historical perspective, Kupang is a useful case-study for elucidating the policy implications of the labelling of refugees, as the region has been hosting different kinds of refugees due to its strategic geographical location that borders Australia and Timor-Leste. Drawing on my fieldwork in Kupang between October 2012 and October 2013, and my intermittent return to the region between January 2017 and February 2019, this article argues that labels for refugees evolve over time in response to the larger sociopolitical situation, but they are formed mostly to serve the interest of the host country rather than those of displaced people. Furthermore, while labelling displaced people as “refugees” has been effective in justifying funding and support, it can also lead to a manipulation of refugee status, and the marginalization and exclusion of refugees.

scholarly journals Assessing the effect of risk factors on rates of obstetric transfusion over time using two methodological approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Jegasothy ◽  
Jillian Patterson ◽  
Deborah Randall ◽  
Tanya A. Nippita ◽  
Judy M. Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Over Time

Reconsidering institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Kate Crowley ◽  
Jenny Stewart ◽  
Adrian Kay ◽  
Brian W. Head
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Institutional Theory ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
New Institutionalism ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Complex Landscape ◽  
Emergent Networks ◽  
Over Time

Although institutions are central to the study of public policy, the focus upon them has shifted over time. This chapter is concerned with the role of institutions in problem solving and the utility of an evolving institutional theory that has significantly fragmented. It argues that the rise of new institutionalism in particular is symptomatic of the growing complexity in problems and policy making. We review the complex landscape of institutional theory, we reconsider institutions in the context of emergent networks and systems in the governance era, and we reflect upon institutions and the notion of policy shaping in contemporary times. We find that network institutionalism, which draws upon policy network and community approaches, has a particular utility for depicting and explaining complex policy.

scholarly journals Service Tatars in the Diplomatic Service of the Muscovite State: The Baymakov-Rezanov Family

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Belyakov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Family Business ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Classic Model ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Time Of Troubles ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

Very little is known about diplomatic professionals specialising in eastern affairs in the Muscovite state until the seventeenth century. The issue has only occasionally been touched upon in some research works. This is explained by the limited number of surviving sources. For this reason, the Baymakov-Rezanov family is unique, as the extant data make it possible to trace the uninterrupted service of this clan’s representatives over the course of a century. This is thanks to cadastres and embassy records from both sides, a few extant documents from the Ambassadorial Prikaz, and the family’s persistent nickname. Ambassadorial service was a family business where traditions were passed from generation to generation, from elder sons to younger ones. Several generations of Baymakov-Rezanovs took part in organising the diplomatic contacts of the Muscovite state with Muslim countries as reconnaissance riders (Rus. stanichniki) and interpreters (Rus. tolmachi). They repeatedly headed diplomatic missions and were very well paid for their work. The examination of their family’s story makes it possible to observe the organisation of diplomatic service from a longer historical perspective. Initially, the technical side of contacts with the countries of the east was organised by princely Tartars, who served the grand prince proper. They were provided with land close to Moscow. Gradually, they started forming smaller groups of specialists, such as translators (Rus. bakshei), tolmachi, stanichniki, and the newly baptised (Rus. novokrescheny). This structure was largely destroyed by the Time of Troubles. This affected the circle of people recruited to the service; it grew considerably and was quite often created in accordance with the demands of the moment. Over time, it was predominated by service Tartars from Meshchera. The classic model of the peripheral staff of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, consisting of translators and tolmachi, only formed in the mid-seventeenth century as inherited positions dwindled significantly.

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