scholarly journals Inertial-range Magnetic-fluctuation Anisotropy Observed from Parker Solar Probe’s First Seven Orbits

2022 ◽  
Vol 924 (1) ◽  
pp. L5
Author(s):  
L.-L. Zhao ◽  
G. P. Zank ◽  
L. Adhikari ◽  
M. Nakanotani
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Inertial Range ◽  
Power Ratio ◽  
Magnetic Fluctuation ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Turbulence Transport

Abstract Solar wind turbulence is anisotropic with respect to the mean magnetic field. Anisotropy leads to ambiguity when interpreting in situ turbulence observations in the solar wind because an apparent change in the measurements could be due to either the change of intrinsic turbulence properties or to a simple change of the spacecraft sampling direction. We demonstrate the ambiguity using the spectral index and magnetic compressibility in the inertial range observed by the Parker Solar Probe during its first seven orbits ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 au. To unravel the effects of the sampling direction, we assess whether the wave-vector anisotropy is consistent with a two-dimensional (2D) plus slab turbulence transport model and determine the fraction of power in the 2D versus slab component. Our results confirm that the 2D plus slab model is consistent with the data and the power ratio between 2D and slab components depends on radial distance, with the relative power in 2D fluctuations becoming smaller closer to the Sun.

scholarly journals Uncertainties of the solar wind in-situ velocity measurements

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-197
Author(s):  
G. Gogoberidze ◽  
E. Gorgaslidze
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Independent Method ◽  
Inertial Range ◽  
Velocity Measurements ◽  
Fast Solar Wind ◽  
Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence ◽  
Velocity Fluctuations ◽  
Measurement Uncertainties ◽  
General Instrument

We study spectral features of Alfvénic turbulence in fast solar wind. We propose a general, instrument independent method to estimate the uncertainty in velocity fluctuations obtained by in-situ satellite observations in the solar wind. We show that when the measurement uncertainties of the velocity fluctuations are taken into account the less energetic Elsasser spectrum obeys a unique power law scaling throughout the inertial range as prevailing theories of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence predict.

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Magnetic Field Fluctuations in Coronal Mass Ejection-Driven Sheath Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. J. Kilpua ◽  
S. W. Good ◽  
M. Ala-Lahti ◽  
A. Osmane ◽  
D. Fontaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejection ◽  
Inertial Range ◽  
Spectral Indices ◽  
Shock Region ◽  
Field Fluctuations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mass Ejection

We report a statistical analysis of magnetic field fluctuations in 79 coronal mass ejection- (CME-) driven sheath regions that were observed in the near-Earth solar wind. Wind high-resolution magnetic field data were used to investigate 2 h regions adjacent to the shock and ejecta leading edge (Near-Shock and Near-LE regions, respectively), and the results were compared with a 2 h region upstream of the shock. The inertial-range spectral indices in the sheaths are found to be mostly steeper than the Kolmogorov −5/3 index and steeper than in the solar wind ahead. We did not find indications of an f−1 spectrum, implying that magnetic fluctuation properties in CME sheaths differ significantly from planetary magnetosheaths and that CME-driven shocks do not reset the solar wind turbulence, as appears to happen downstream of planetary bow shocks. However, our study suggests that new compressible fluctuations are generated in the sheath for a wide variety of shock/upstream conditions. Fluctuation properties particularly differed between the Near-Shock region and the solar wind ahead. A strong positive correlation in the mean magnetic compressibility was found between the upstream and downstream regions, but the compressibility values in the sheaths were similar to those in the slow solar wind (<0.2), regardless of the value in the preceding wind. However, we did not find clear correlations between the inertial-range spectral indices in the sheaths and shock/preceding solar wind properties, nor with the mean normalized fluctuation amplitudes. Correlations were also considerably lower in the Near-LE region than in the Near-Shock region. Intermittency was also considerably higher in the sheath than in the upstream wind according to several proxies, particularly so in the Near-Shock region. Fluctuations in the sheath exhibit larger rotations than upstream, implying the presence of strong current sheets in the sheath that can add to intermittency.

scholarly journals Multi-spacecraft measurement of anisotropic power levels and scaling in solar wind turbulence

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 3019-3025 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Osman ◽  
T. S. Horbury
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Spectral Index ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Structure Functions ◽  
Inertial Range ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
Parallel Direction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Turbulent Cascade

Abstract. Measurements by the four Cluster spacecraft in the solar wind are used to determine quantitatively the field-aligned anisotropy of magnetohydrodynamic inertial range turbulence power levels and spectral indexes. We find, using time-lagged second order structure functions, that the spectral index is near 2 around the field-parallel direction, which is consistent with a "critical balance" turbulent cascade. Solar wind fluctuations are found to be anisotropic with power mainly in wavevectors perpendicular to the mean field, where the spectral index is around 5/3.

scholarly journals Comparison of TROPOMI/Sentinel-5 Precursor NO<sub>2</sub> observations with ground-based measurements in Helsinki

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iolanda Ialongo ◽  
Henrik Virta ◽  
Henk Eskes ◽  
Jari Hovila ◽  
John Douros
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Early Evaluation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban Sites

Abstract. We present a comparison between satellite-based TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) NO2 products and ground-based observations in Helsinki (Finland). TROPOMI NO2 total (summed) columns are compared with the measurements performed by the Pandora spectrometer between April and September 2018. The mean relative and absolute bias between the TROPOMI and Pandora NO2 total columns is about 10 % and 0.12×1015 molec. cm−2 respectively. The dispersion of these differences (estimated as their standard deviation) is 2.2×1015 molec. cm−2. We find high correlation (r = 0.68) between satellite- and ground-based data, but also that TROPOMI total columns underestimate ground-based observations for relatively large Pandora NO2 total columns, corresponding to episodes of relatively elevated pollution. This is expected because of the relatively large size of the TROPOMI ground pixel (3.5×7 km) and the a priori used in the retrieval compared to the relatively small field-of-view of the Pandora instrument. On the other hand, TROPOMI slightly overestimates (within the retrieval uncertainties) relatively small NO2 total columns. Replacing the coarse a priori NO2 profiles with high-resolution profiles from the CAMS chemical transport model improves the agreement between TROPOMI and Pandora total columns for episodes of NO2 enhancement. When only the low values of NO2 total columns or the whole dataset are taken into account, the mean bias slightly increases. The change in bias remains mostly within the uncertainties. We also analyse the consistency between satellite-based data and in situ NO2 surface concentrations measured at the Helsinki–Kumpula air quality station (located a few metres from the Pandora spectrometer). We find similar day-to-day variability between TROPOMI, Pandora and in situ measurements, with NO2 enhancements observed during the same days. Both satellite- and ground-based data show a similar weekly cycle, with lower NO2 levels during the weekend compared to the weekdays as a result of reduced emissions from traffic and industrial activities (as expected in urban sites). The TROPOMI NO2 maps reveal also spatial features, such as the main traffic ways and the airport area, as well as the effect of the prevailing south-west wind patterns. This is one of the first works in which TROPOMI NO2 retrievals are validated against ground-based observations and the results provide an early evaluation of their applicability for monitoring pollution levels in urban sites. Overall, TROPOMI retrievals are valuable to complement the ground-based air quality data (available with high temporal resolution) for describing the spatio-temporal variability of NO2, even in a relatively small city like Helsinki.

scholarly journals Parallel and perpendicular cascades in solar wind turbulence

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Oughton ◽  
W. H. Matthaeus
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind ◽  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Average Magnetic Field ◽  
Solar Wind Turbulence ◽  
Magnetic Fluctuation ◽  
Ion Cyclotron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Classical Hydrodynamic

Abstract. MHD-scale fluctuations in the velocity, magnetic, and density fields of the solar wind are routinely observed. The evolution of these fluctuations, as they are transported radially outwards by the solar wind, is believed to involve both wave and turbulence processes. The presence of an average magnetic field has important implications for the anisotropy of the fluctuations and the nature of the turbulent wavenumber cascades in the directions parallel and perpendicular to this field. In particular, if the ratio of the rms magnetic fluctuation strength to the mean field is small, then the parallel wavenumber cascade is expected to be weak and there are difficulties in obtaining a cascade in frequency. The latter has been invoked in order to explain the heating of solar wind fluctuations (above adiabatic levels) via energy transfer to scales where ion-cyclotron damping can occur.Following a brief review of classical hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) cascade theories, we discuss the distinct nature of parallel and perpendicular cascades and their roles in the evolution of solar wind fluctuations.

scholarly journals Global distribution of mean age of stratospheric air from MIPAS SF<sub>6</sub> measurements

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Stiller ◽  
T. von Clarmann ◽  
M. Höpfner ◽  
N. Glatthor ◽  
U. Grabowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Global distributions of profiles of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have been retrieved from limb emission spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat covering the period September 2002 to March 2004. Individual SF6 profiles have a precision of 0.5 pptv below 25 km altitude and a vertical resolution of 4–6 km up to 35 km altitude. These data have been validated versus in situ observations obtained during balloon flights of a cryogenic whole-air sampler. For the tropical troposphere a trend of 0.230±0.008 pptv/yr has been derived from the MIPAS data, which is in excellent agreement with the trend from ground-based flask and in situ measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division. For the data set currently available, based on at least three days of data per month, monthly 5° latitude mean values have a 1σ standard error of 1%. From the global SF6 distributions, global daily and monthly distributions of the apparent mean age of air are inferred by application of the tropical tropospheric trend derived from MIPAS data. The inferred mean ages are provided for the full globe up to 90° N/S, and have a 1σ standard error of 0.25 yr. They range between 0 (near the tropical tropopause) and 7 years (except for situations of mesospheric intrusions) and agree well with earlier observations. The seasonal variation of the mean age of stratospheric air indicates episodes of severe intrusion of mesospheric air during each Northern and Southern polar winter observed, long-lasting remnants of old, subsided polar winter air over the spring and summer poles, and a rather short period of mixing with midlatitude air and/or upward transport during fall in October/November (NH) and April/May (SH), respectively, with small latitudinal gradients, immediately before the new polar vortex starts to form. The mean age distributions further confirm that SF6 is destroyed in the mesosphere to a considerable degree. Model calculations with the Karlsruhe simulation model of the middle atmosphere (KASIMA) chemical transport model agree well with observed global distributions of the mean age only if the SF6 sink reactions in the mesosphere are included in the model.

scholarly journals Global distribution of mean age of stratospheric air from MIPAS SF<sub>6</sub> measurements

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 13653-13697 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Stiller ◽  
T. von Clarmann ◽  
M. Höpfner ◽  
N. Glatthor ◽  
U. Grabowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Michelson Interferometer ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Global distributions of profiles of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) have been retrieved from limb emission spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat covering the period September 2002 to March 2004. Individual SF6 profiles have a precision of 0.5 pptv below 25 km altitude and a vertical resolution of 4–6 km up to 35 km altitude. These data have been validated versus in situ observations obtained during balloon flights of a cryogenic whole-air sampler. For the tropical troposphere a trend of 0.227±0.008 pptv/yr has been derived from the MIPAS data, which is in excellent agreement with the trend from ground-based flask and in situ measurements from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, Global Monitoring Division. For the data set currently available, based on at least three days of data per month, monthly 5° latitude mean values have a 1σ standard error of 1%. From the global SF6 distributions, global daily and monthly distributions of the apparent mean age of air are inferred by application of the tropical tropospheric trend derived from MIPAS data. The inferred mean ages are provided for the full globe up to 90° N/S, and have a 1σ standard error of 0.25 yr. They range between 0 (near the tropical tropopause) and 7 years (except for situations of mesospheric intrusions) and agree well with earlier observations. The seasonal variation of the mean age of stratospheric air indicates episodes of severe intrusion of mesospheric air during each Northern and Southern polar winter observed, long-lasting remnants of old, subsided polar winter air over the spring and summer poles, and a rather short period of mixing with midlatitude air and/or upward transport during fall in October/November (NH) and April/May (SH), respectively, with small latitudinal gradients, immediately before the new polar vortex starts to form. The mean age distributions further confirm that SF6 is destroyed in the mesosphere to a considerable amount. Model calculations with the Karlsruhe simulation model of the middle atmosphere (KASIMA) chemical transport model agree well with observed global distributions of the mean age only if the SF6 sink reactions in the mesosphere are included in the model.

Novel Formulation Development and Evaluation of Nanoparticles Based in Situ Gelling System for The Ophthalmic Delivery of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kranti Singh ◽  
Surajpal Verma ◽  
Shyam Prasad ◽  
Indu Bala
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
In Situ Gelling

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride loaded Eudragit RS100 nanoparticles were prepared by using w/o/w emulsification (multiple emulsification) solvent evaporation followed by drying of nanoparticles at 50°C. The nanoparticles were further incorporated into the pH-triggered in situ gel forming system which was prepared using Carbopol 940 in combination with HPMC as viscosifying agent. The developed nanoparticles was evaluated for particle size, zeta potential value and loading efficiency; nanoparticle incorporated in situ gelling system was evaluated for pH, clarity, gelling strength, rheological studies, in-vitro release studies and ex-vivo precorneal permeation studies. The nanopaticle showed the mean particle size varying between 263.5nm - 325.9 nm with the mean zeta potential value of -5.91 mV to -8.13 mV and drug loading capacity varied individually between 72.50% to 98.70% w/w. The formulation was clear with no suspended particles, showed good gelling properties. The gelling was quick and remained for longer time period. The developed formulation was therapeutically efficacious, stable and non-irritant. It provided the sustained release of drug over a period of 8-10 hours.

The Carbon:²³⁴Thorium ratios of sinking particles in the California Current Ecosystem 2: Examination of a thorium sorption, desorption, and particle transport model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stukel ◽  
Thomas Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Particulate Organic Carbon ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
California Current ◽  
In Situ Measurements ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Sinking Particles ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration

Thorium-234 (234Th) is a powerful tracer of particle dynamics and the biological pump in the surface ocean; however, variability in carbon:thorium ratios of sinking particles adds substantial uncertainty to estimates of organic carbon export. We coupled a mechanistic thorium sorption and desorption model to a one-dimensional particle sinking model that uses realistic particle settling velocity spectra. The model generates estimates of 238U-234Th disequilibrium, particulate organic carbon concentration, and the C:234Th ratio of sinking particles, which are then compared to in situ measurements from quasi-Lagrangian studies conducted on six cruises in the California Current Ecosystem. Broad patterns observed in in situ measurements, including decreasing C:234Th ratios with depth and a strong correlation between sinking C:234Th and the ratio of vertically-integrated particulate organic carbon (POC) to vertically-integrated total water column 234Th, were accurately recovered by models assuming either a power law distribution of sinking speeds or a double log normal distribution of sinking speeds. Simulations suggested that the observed decrease in C:234Th with depth may be driven by preferential remineralization of carbon by particle-attached microbes. However, an alternate model structure featuring complete consumption and/or disaggregation of particles by mesozooplankton (e.g. no preferential remineralization of carbon) was also able to simulate decreasing C:234Th with depth (although the decrease was weaker), driven by 234Th adsorption onto slowly sinking particles. Model results also suggest that during bloom decays C:234Th ratios of sinking particles should be higher than expected (based on contemporaneous water column POC), because high settling velocities minimize carbon remineralization during sinking.

Spatial Variability of Physical Parameters and Processes in Two Field Soils

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Høgh Jensen ◽  
J. C. Refsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tracer Experiments

A numerical analysis of solute transport in two spatially heterogeneous fields is carried out assuming that the fields are composed of ensembles of one-dimensional non-interacting soil columns, each column representing a possible soil profile in statistical terms. The basis for the analysis is the flow simulation described in Part II (Jensen and Refsgaard, this issue), which serves as input to a transport model based on the convection-dispersion equation. The simulations of the average and variation in solute concentration in planes perpendicular to the flow direction are compared to measurements obtained from tracer experiments carried out at the two fields. Due to the limited amount of measurement data, it is difficult to draw conclusive evidence of the simulations, but reliable simulations are obtained of the mean behaviour within the two fields. The concept of equivalent soil properties is also tested for the transport problem in heterogeneous soils. Based on effective parameters for the retention and hydraulic conductivity functions it is possible to predict the mean transport in the two experimental fields.

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