Abstract
Background: Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is an autoimmune and autoinflammatory musculoskeletal disease characterised by systemic enthesitis. Recent research has focused on subclinical inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in SpA pathogenesis. SKG mice, harbouring the Zap70 W163C mutation, increase autoreactive Th17 cells intrinsically, and show SpA features, including enteritis, after peritoneal injection of β-1,3- glucan under SPF conditions. In a conventional environment, they exhibit spontaneous arthritis with fungal factors. This study aimed to clarify whether oral dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration, utilised in IBD model mice, can provoke SpA features in SKG mice under SPF conditions, focusing on the relationship between gut microorganisms and SpA pathogenesis.Methods: SKG and BALB/c mice were administered oral DSS, and their body weights, arthritis, and enthesitis scores were recorded. In another cohorts, antibiotics (meropenem and vancomycin) or an anti-fungal agent (amphotericin B) were administered orally before DSS administration. The splenic Th1 and Th17 cell populations were examined before and after DSS administration using flow cytometry. Furthermore, the amount of circulating bacterial DNA in whole blood was measured by absolute quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the number and characteristics of bacterial species corresponding to these circulating DNA were analised by next-generation sequencing (NGS).Results: Ankle enthesitis as a peripheral SpA feature was elicited in half of DSS-administered SKG mice, and none of the BALB/c mice. Pre-administration of antibiotics suppressed enthesitis, whilst an anti-fungal agent could not. Th1 and Th17 cell levels in the spleen increased after DSS administration, and this was suppressed by pre-administration of antibiotics. SKG mice have a larger amount of bacterial DNA in whole blood than BALB/c mice before and one day after the initiation of DSS administration. The number of bacterial species in whole blood increased after DSS administration in SKG and BALB/c mice. Some genera and species significantly specific to the DSS-treated SKG mice group were also detected. Conclusion: Oral DSS administration alone elicited peripheral enthesitis in SKG mice with bacterial translocation accompanied by increased splenic Th1 and Th17 cell levels. Pre-administration of antibiotics ameliorated these DSS-induced SpA features. These findings suggest that intestinal bacterial leakage plays a pivotal role in SpA pathogenesis.
Ding's herbal enema treats dextran sulfate sodium‑induced colitis in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and maintaining the Treg/Th17 cell balance
