The aim of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of synchronized gastric electrical stimulation (SGES) on gastric emptying in nonobese mice with diabetic gastroparesis (DB-GP). Eight control mice and 48 nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice with two pairs of gastric electrodes were used in this study. The study included seven groups in a randomized order [control, diabetes (DB), DB-GP, DB + SGES, DB-GP + SGES, DB-GP + Atropine, and DB-GP + SGES + Atropine groups]. In the control, DB, DB-GP, and DB-GP + Atropine groups, gastric emptying was measured in BLAB/cJ mice (control group) or NOD mice with a duration of diabetes of 0–7 days (DB group) or 28–35 days (DB-GP or DB-GP + Atropine group). In the DB + SGES, DB-GP + SGES, and DB-GP + SGES + Atropine groups, the experiment was the same as the corresponding DB, DB-GP, and DB-GP + Atropine groups except that SGES was applied during the experiment. SGES was applied via the proximal pair of electrodes and synchronized with the intrinsic gastric slow waves. The following results were obtained: 1) gastric emptying was delayed in NOD mice with a duration of diabetes of 28–35 days; 2) SGES was able to significantly increase gastric emptying in both diabetic mice and diabetic gastroparetic mice; and 3) the excitatory effect of SGES was completely blocked by atropine. SGES accelerates gastric emptying in NOD mice with diabetic gastroparesis. The effect of SGES on gastric emptying is mediated via the cholinergic pathway. These findings suggest that SGES may have a therapeutic potential for treating patients with diabetic gastroparesis.
Synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation improves gastric emptying and activates enteric glial cells via upregulation of GFAP and S100B with different courses of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats
