Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) Retards Gastric Emptying and Modulates Enteric Glial Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of ethanol on gastric emptying and the trituration of solid food. With the use of a noninvasive physiological imaging technique, gastric processing of a radiolabeled solid meal was evaluated in unanesthetized dogs which ingested 6-8% ethanol solutions or received intravenous alcohol before the meal. Oral alcohol (resulting in blood levels up to 174 mg/dl) decreased the amplitude of antral contractions or completely abolished them. Alcohol did not significantly affect the fundamental frequency of contractions except at high doses, at which contractions were abolished. Alcohol lengthened the mean time to 50% of gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner, from 132 +/- 3 min without alcohol to 160 +/- 10 min with oral alcohol at blood levels of 80-120 mg/dl (P less than 0.05). This was manifested by a lengthening of the lag phase, but there was no effect on the terminal slope of emptying (emptying rate) of the processed meal. At equal blood levels up to 120 mg/dl, orally administered alcohol had a more pronounced effect than intravenous alcohol. These data suggest that even low doses of dilute alcohol affect the ability of the antrum to process solid food and thereby contribute to impairment of gastric emptying.

Download Full-text

Human chorionic gonadotropin regulates gastric emptying in ovariectomized rats

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1530/joe-12-0421 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 216 (3) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kok-Min Seow ◽

Jyun-Lin Lee ◽

Ming-Luen Doong ◽

Seng-Wong Huang ◽

Jiann-Loung Hwang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽

Gastrointestinal Transit ◽

First Trimester ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Ovx Rats ◽

Dose Dependent

Prolongation of gastrointestinal transit resulting in nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) is the most common phenomenon during the first trimester of pregnancy. Increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration during the first trimester is the most likely cause of NVP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hCG on gastrointestinal transit and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK) in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats. I.p. injection of hCG was used to evaluate the dose effect of hCG on gastrointestinal transit in Ovx rats. The CCK antagonist lorglumide was used to clarify the role of CCK in regulating gastrointestinal transit. Gastrointestinal transit was assessed 15 min after intragastric gavage of a mixture of 10% charcoal and Na251CrO4(0.5 μCi/ml). After i.p. administration of hCG, gastric emptying was inhibited in Ovx rats, but intestinal transit was not affected. Plasma CCK concentrations were increased in a dose-dependent manner after hCG treatment, and gastric emptying showed a significant negative correlation with CCK concentrations (P=0.01,r2=−0.5104). Peripheral administration (i.p.) of lorglumide, a selective CCK1receptor antagonist, attenuated the hCG-induced inhibition of gastric emptying in Ovx rats, whereas central administration via the i.c.v. route did not. hCG treatment of Ovx rats inhibits gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner via a peripheral mechanism of CCK hypersecretion and activation of CCK1receptors.

Download Full-text

The Traditional Japanese Medicine Rikkunshito Promotes Gastric Emptying via the Antagonistic Action of the 5-HT3Receptor Pathway in Rats

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/nep173 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

K. Tominaga ◽

T. Kido ◽

M. Ochi ◽

C. Sadakane ◽

A. Mase ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Receptor Agonist ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Antagonistic Action ◽

Traditional Japanese Medicine ◽

Male Wistar Rats ◽

Dose Dependent

The traditional Japanese medicine rikkunshito ameliorates the nitric oxide-associated delay in gastric emptying. Whether rikkunshito affects gastric motility associated with 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin: 5-HT) receptors or dopamine receptors is unknown. We examined the effects of rikkunshito on the delay in gastric emptying induced by 5-HT or dopamine using the phenol red method in male Wistar rats. 5-HT (0.01–1.0 mg kg−1, i.p.) dose dependently delayed gastric emptying, similar to the effect of the 5-HT3receptor agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl) biguanide (0.01–1.0 mg kg−1, i.p.). Dopamine also dose dependently delayed gastric emptying. The 5-HT3receptor antagonist ondansetron (0.04–4.0 mg kg−1) and rikkunshito (125–500 mg kg−1) significantly suppressed the delay in gastric emptying caused by 5-HT or 1-(3-chlorophenyl) biguanide. Hesperidin (the most active ingredient in rikkunshito) suppressed the 5-HT-induced delayed gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner, the maximum effect of which was similar to that of ondansetron (0.4 mg kg−1). The improvement obtained by rikkunshito or ondansetron in delaying gastric emptying was completely blocked by pretreatment with atropine. Rikkunshito appears to improve delay in gastric emptying via the antagonistic action of the 5-HT3receptor pathway.

Download Full-text

Prebiotic fibres dose-dependently increase satiety hormones and alter Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in lean and obese JCR:LA-cp rats

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114511003163 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 107 (4) ◽

pp. 601-613 ◽

Cited By ~ 166

Author(s):

Jill A. Parnell ◽

Raylene A. Reimer

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Total Bacteria

There is a growing interest in modulating gut microbiota with diet in the context of obesity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of prebiotics (inulin and oligofructose) on gut satiety hormones, energy expenditure, gastric emptying and gut microbiota. Male lean and obese JCR:LA-cp rats were randomised to either of the following: lean 0 % fibre (LC), lean 10 % fibre (LF), lean 20 % fibre (LHF), obese 0 % fibre (OC), obese 10 % fibre (OF) or obese 20 % fibre (OHF). Body composition, gastric emptying, energy expenditure, plasma satiety hormone concentrations and gut microbiota (using quantitative PCR) were measured. Caecal proglucagon and peptide YY mRNA levels were up-regulated 2-fold in the LF, OF and OHF groups and 3-fold in the LHF group. GhrelinO-acyltransferase mRNA levels were higher in obesev.lean rats and decreased in the OHF group. Plasma ghrelin response was attenuated in the LHF group. Microbial species measured in the Bacteroidetes division decreased, whereas those in the Firmicutes increased in obesev.lean rats and improved with prebiotic intake.BifidobacteriumandLactobacillusincreased in the OHFv.OC group.Bacteroidesand total bacteria negatively correlated with percentage of body fat and body weight. Enterobacteriaceae increased in conjunction with glucose area under the curve (AUC) and glucagon-like peptide-1 AUC.Bacteroidesand total bacteria correlated positively with ghrelin AUC yet negatively with insulin AUC and energy intake (P < 0·05). Several of the mechanisms through which prebiotics act (food intake, satiety hormones and alterations in gut microbiota) are regulated in a dose-dependent manner. The combined effects of prebiotics may have therapeutic potential for obesity.

Download Full-text

Synchronized dual pulse gastric electrical stimulation improves gastric emptying and activates enteric glial cells via upregulation of GFAP and S100B with different courses of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in rats

Molecular Medicine Reports ◽

10.3892/mmr.2017.6471 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 3826-3832 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nian Wang ◽

Shuangning Song ◽

Jie Chen

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Glial Cells ◽

Gastric Electrical Stimulation ◽

Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy ◽

Enteric Glial Cells

Download Full-text

Centrally administered neuropeptide Y delays gastric emptying via Y2receptors in rats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.5.r1522 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 281 (5) ◽

pp. R1522-R1530 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Tadashi Ishiguchi ◽

Taku Amano ◽

Hiroaki Matsubayashi ◽

Hitoshi Tada ◽

Mikio Fujita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Neuropeptide Y ◽

Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽

Low Frequency ◽

High Amplitude ◽

Receptor Subtypes ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Intracerebroventricular Injection ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Dose Dependent

It has been shown that centrally administered neuropeptide Y (NPY) delays gastric emptying. To determine the receptor subtypes of NPY mediating the inhibitory effects on gastric emptying, effects of intracerebroventricular injection of NPY, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY (a Y1agonist) and NPY-(3–36) (a Y2agonist) on solid gastric emptying and postprandial antropyloric motility were studied in conscious rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY and NPY-(3–36), but not [Leu31,Pro34] NPY, delayed solid gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner (0.03–3 nmol). After the feeding (40 min), contractions with low frequency and high amplitude of the antrum were frequently observed, and the peak contraction of the antrum occurred most often 3–6 s before the peak contraction of the pylorus. Intracerebroventricular injection of NPY and NPY-(3–36) (3 nmol), but not [Leu31,Pro34]NPY, significantly reduced antral contractions and the number of antropyloric coordination events. It is suggested that centrally administered NPY impairs postprandial antral contractions and antropyloric coordination via Y2receptors, resulting in delayed gastric emptying.

Download Full-text

A comparison of cholecystokinin-induced changes in gastric emptying and feeding in rats

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1988.255.1.r21 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 255 (1) ◽

pp. R21-R26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. L. Conover ◽

S. M. Collins ◽

H. P. Weingarten

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Delay Gastric Emptying ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Cholecystokinin Octapeptide ◽

Feeding Effects ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Dose Dependent

We have compared the abilities of the cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) to delay gastric emptying and to influence feeding under similar experimental conditions in the rat. The effect of CCK-8 on gastric emptying was assessed in 6-h-deprived rats receiving 10-ml intragastric test loads of 0.15 M saline or 15% (wt/vol) sucrose. Analysis of half-emptying times indicated that intraperitoneal administration of CCK-8 in doses of 1.4-22.4 micrograms/kg produced a dose-dependent retardation of emptying of both saline and nutrient. Lower doses of CCK-8, 0.01 and 0.1 micrograms/kg, had no effect on gastric emptying. The effect of CCK-8 on feeding was assessed in normally feeding rats tested under the same experimental conditions used in the gastric emptying studies. Doses of CCK-8 capable of retarding gastric emptying also suppressed eating in a dose-dependent manner. These findings provide necessary correlational support for the hypothesis that the satiety produced by CCK-8 may be mediated by inhibition of gastric emptying. However, a further quantitative analysis of the correspondence of the gastric emptying and feeding effects of CCK-8 suggest that retardation of emptying cannot account entirely for the satiety effect of the peptide.

Download Full-text

Postgastric satiety in the sham-feeding rat

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1983.244.6.r872 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 244 (6) ◽

pp. R872-R881 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. D. Reidelberger ◽

T. J. Kalogeris ◽

P. M. Leung ◽

V. E. Mendel

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Meal Size ◽

Gastric Distension ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Sham Feeding ◽

Total Intake ◽

Threshold Rate ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Fasted Rats

A sham-feeding model using rats fitted with gastric and duodenal cannulas was employed to investigate the role of postgastric mechanisms of satiety in the short-term control of food intake. When fasted rats sham fed a liquid diet [Vivonex High Nitrogen (VHN), 0.5 kcal/ml], food drained freely from gastric fistulas, and mean first-meal size and 90-min intake increased more than threefold. Varying the rate of duodenal infusion of diet during sham feeding (0.06-0.44 kcal/min) decreased first-meal size and total intake in a dose-dependent manner. First meals ended when mean loads of 2-3 kcal had been delivered. The threshold rate (0.11 kcal/min) decreased meal size and total intake by more than 50%. When fasted rats consumed VHN to satiety with closed gastric fistulas, rate of gastric emptying of diet during feeding averaged 0.32 +/- 0.02 kcal/min and the load emptied by meal termination averaged 3.8 +/- 0.2 kcal. These results indicate that rates of gastric emptying of diet and loads delivered to the small intestine following ingestion of liquid food are sufficient to elicit postgastric satiety in the absence of gastric distension.

Download Full-text

Action of the cholecystokinin antagonist L364,718 on gastric emptying in the rat

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1988.255.5.g685 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 255 (5) ◽

pp. G685-G689 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. Green ◽

R. Dimaline ◽

S. Peikin ◽

G. J. Dockray

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Physiological Role ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Gastric Fistula ◽

Phenol Red ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Cholecystokinin Antagonist ◽

Negative Feedback Control ◽

Cck Receptor Antagonist ◽

Dose Dependent

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. We have examined the effects of a novel potent peripheral CCK receptor antagonist (L364,718) on the action of endogenous and exogenous CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) on gastric emptying in the rat. In conscious gastric fistula rats, the recovery of liquid test meals of 3.0 ml (containing phenol red as a dilution marker) was determined over periods up to 8 min. Compared with saline, gastric emptying of solutions of peptone (4.5%), 50 mM HCl, and hyperosmolal saline was significantly delayed. The emptying of saline was also delayed by intravenous infusion of CCK-8 (400 pmol.kg-1.h-1). The CCK antagonist L364,718 reversed the effect of peptone in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited the response to exogenous CCK, but the emptying of physiological saline, 50 mM HCl, or hyperosmolal saline remained unchanged. A protease inhibitor (FOY-305) that is thought to release endogenous CCK by inhibiting negative feedback control by luminal proteases also delayed emptying, and this response was inhibited by L364,718. We conclude that CCK has a physiological role in the mediation of the effect of proteins on gastric emptying in the rat.

Download Full-text

Effect of DA-9701 on the Gastrointestinal Motility in the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10225282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 5282

Author(s):

Changyoon Ha ◽

Heejin Kim ◽

Rari Cha ◽

Jaemin Lee ◽

Sangsoo Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Gastric Emptying ◽

Colonic Motility ◽

Intestinal Transit ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Diabetic Mice ◽

Gastric Emptying Rate ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Gi Motility

Background: Compared to the general population, diabetic patients experience more frequent episodes of gastrointestinal (GI) motility dysfunction, owing to the disruption of functional innervations. DA-9701 is a new prokinetic agent formulated from the extracts of Pharbitidis semen and Corydalis tuber. Aim: To investigate the effect of DA-9701 on GI motility in an animal model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Methods: Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (40 mg/kg of body weight in 0.1 M citrate buffer) for 3 days. Diabetic mice were divided into four groups and administered DA-9701 in different doses (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg) or placebo for 2 weeks. Intestinal transit was assessed using charcoal meal movement. GI isometric contraction was measured by applying an isometric force transducer on a circular muscle strip of the antrum, ileum, and proximal colon of sacrificed mice. Gastric emptying rate was evaluated by measuring the dye percentage remaining in the stomach relative to the total dye amount recovered in a standardization group of mice. Results: Body weight and antral and small intestinal motility were less in diabetic mice than in control mice, and colonic motility was similar in both. DA-9701 showed a dose-dependent increase in the amplitude of spontaneous phasic contractions in the antrum, ileum, and colon in diabetic mice without influencing body weight or blood glucose levels. The degree of improvement was comparable between diabetic and control mice. Intestinal transit was significantly more delayed in diabetic mice than in controls (43 ± 7% vs. 67 ± 8%, p < 0.05); however, DA-9701 restored the delayed intestinal transit more effectively compared to placebo (75% vs. 50%). The gastric emptying rate was significantly more delayed in diabetic mice than in controls (43 ± 10% vs. 62 ± 12%, p < 0.05), and was improved by DA-9701 in a dose-dependent manner (50%, 55%, and 60% in mice treated with 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg of DA-9701, respectively, vs. 43% in placebo-treated and 60% in control mice). Conclusions: DA-9701 improved GI contractility without affecting blood sugar and body weight in diabetic mice. DA-9701 could improve the decreased GI motility and clinical symptoms in progressive diabetic patients.

Download Full-text