scholarly journals The diversity of terrestrial arthropods in Canada

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 9-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Langor
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Index Numbers ◽  
Strategic Investment ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Diverse Groups

Based on data presented in 29 papers published in theBiota of CanadaSpecial Issue of ZooKeys and data provided herein about Zygentoma, more than 44,100 described species of terrestrial arthropods (Arachnida, Myriapoda, Insecta, Entognatha) are now known from Canada. This represents more than a 34% increase in the number of described species reported 40 years ago (Danks 1979a). The most speciose groups are Diptera (9620 spp.), Hymenoptera (8757), and Coleoptera (8302). Less than 5% of the fauna has a natural Holarctic distribution and an additional 5.1% are non-native species. A conservatively estimated 27,000–42,600 additional species are expected to be eventually discovered in Canada, meaning that the total national species richness is ca. 71,100–86,700 and that currently 51–62% of the fauna is known. Of the most diverse groups, those that are least known, in terms of percent of the Canadian fauna that is documented, are Acari (31%), Thysanoptera (37%), Hymenoptera (46%), and Diptera (32–65%). All groups but Pauropoda have DNA barcodes based on Canadian material. More than 75,600 Barcode Index Numbers have been assigned to Canadian terrestrial arthropods, 63.5% of which are Diptera and Hymenoptera. Much work remains before the Canadian fauna is fully documented, and this will require decades to achieve. In particular, greater and more strategic investment in surveys and taxonomy (including DNA barcoding) is needed to adequately document the fauna.

Species Delimitation of Scavenger Flies in the Valley of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pedraza-Lara ◽  
Marco A Garduño-Sánchez ◽  
Isabel Téllez-García ◽  
Stephany Rodríguez-González ◽  
Eduardo Nuple-Juárez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
New Records ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
Diverse Groups

Abstract Identification of species involved in cadaveric decomposition, such as scavenger Diptera, is a fundamental step for the use of entomological evidence in court. Identification based on morphology is widely used in forensic cases; however, taxonomic knowledge of scavenger fauna is poor for many groups and for many countries, particularly Neotropical ones. A number of studies have documented the utility of a DNA barcoding strategy to assist in the identification of poorly known and diverse groups, particularly in cases involving immature states or fragmented organisms. To provide baseline knowledge of the diversity of scavenger Diptera in the Valley of Mexico, we generated a DNA barcode collection comprised of sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene for all families sampled at a nature reserve located in this region. We collected and identified specimens on the basis of morphology and a species delimitation analysis. Our analyses of 339 individuals delineated 42 species distributed across nine families of Diptera. The richest families were Calliphoridae (9 species), Sarcophagidae (7 species), and Phoridae (6 species). We found many of the species previously recorded for the Valley of Mexico, plus 18 new records for the region. Our study highlights the utility of DNA barcoding as a first-step strategy to assess species richness of poorly studied scavenger fly taxa.

scholarly journals The Trichoptera barcode initiative: a strategy for generating a species-level Tree of Life

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1702) ◽  
pp. 20160025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Paul B. Frandsen ◽  
Ralph W. Holzenthal ◽  
Clare R. Beet ◽  
Kristi R. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Index Numbers ◽  
Reference Specimens

DNA barcoding was intended as a means to provide species-level identifications through associating DNA sequences from unknown specimens to those from curated reference specimens. Although barcodes were not designed for phylogenetics, they can be beneficial to the completion of the Tree of Life. The barcode database for Trichoptera is relatively comprehensive, with data from every family, approximately two-thirds of the genera, and one-third of the described species. Most Trichoptera, as with most of life's species, have never been subjected to any formal phylogenetic analysis. Here, we present a phylogeny with over 16 000 unique haplotypes as a working hypothesis that can be updated as our estimates improve. We suggest a strategy of implementing constrained tree searches, which allow larger datasets to dictate the backbone phylogeny, while the barcode data fill out the tips of the tree. We also discuss how this phylogeny could be used to focus taxonomic attention on ambiguous species boundaries and hidden biodiversity. We suggest that systematists continue to differentiate between ‘Barcode Index Numbers’ (BINs) and ‘species’ that have been formally described. Each has utility, but they are not synonyms. We highlight examples of integrative taxonomy, using both barcodes and morphology for species description. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.

scholarly journals Thysanoptera of Canada

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 291-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Foottit ◽  
H. Eric L. Maw
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Additional Species

The known Canadian Thysanoptera fauna currently consists of 147 species, including 28 non-native species, and there are five additional species found only indoors. DNA barcoding data, presence of species in adjacent regions, and preliminary evidence of the presence of host-associated cryptic species suggest that there may be as many as 255 additional species awaiting discovery or description in Canada.

scholarly journals First record and DNA barcodes of the invasive blue-coloured spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) (Decapoda: Cambaridae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Rafał Maciaszek ◽  
Maciej Bonk ◽  
Witold Sosnowski ◽  
Aleksandra Jabłońska
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Native Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Taxonomic Identification ◽  
Colour Morph ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Blue Colour ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Colour Form ◽  
River Catchments

This contribution presents first record of a blue colour morph of spiny-cheek crayfish, Faxonius limosus (Rafinesque, 1817). Two unusually coloured individuals were caught in Poland, in two different locations, separated from each other by approximately 500 km and belonging to different river catchments (Oder and Vistula), within the range of the species occurrence in Europe. Taxonomic identification of collected crayfish has been confirmed by the standard DNA barcoding procedure. Although blue coloured forms of crayfish have been previously described within the Cambaridae family, collected individuals are the first records of blue colouration within F. limosus. It is recommended to supplement identification keys with a new colour form of the species, which, while characteristic dark red bands are not clear, may cause mistakes in recognition of exotic, aquarium as well as native species.

scholarly journals Unexpected diversity in Central European Vespoidea (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae, Myrmosidae, Sapygidae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae, Thynnidae, Vespidae), with description of two species of Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1062 ◽  
pp. 49-72
Author(s):  
Christian Schmid-Egger ◽  
Stefan Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Species Limits ◽  
Index Numbers ◽  
Central European ◽  
Genetic Clusters

The present study presents DNA barcoding results for 134 species of Central European Vespoidea, families Mutillidae, Myrmosidae, Sapygidae, Scoliidae, Tiphiidae, Thynnidae, and Vespidae, including DNA barcodes for 100 of the 114 German species. DNA barcoding resulted in unexpected diversity in several families, each with two or more genetic clusters identified by Barcode Index Numbers (BINs). Smicromyrme burgeri Schmid-Egger, sp. nov. and S. langobardensis Schmid-Egger, sp. nov. are described as new from Germany and Italy, respectively. A neotype is designated for Smicromyrme rufipes (Fabricius, 1878). The results of DNA barcoding are discussed in respect to detecting cryptic species and refining species limits.

scholarly journals Non-native spiders change assemblages of Hawaiian forest fragment kipuka over space and time

NeoBiota ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Pétillon ◽  
Kaïna Privet ◽  
George K. Roderick ◽  
Rosemary G. Gillespie ◽  
Don K. Price
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Marked Contrast ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Habitat Islands ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Predatory Arthropods

We assessed how assemblages of spiders were structured in small Hawaiian tropical forest fragments (Hawaiian, kipuka) within a matrix of previous lava flows, over both space (sampling kipuka of different sizes) and time (comparison with a similar study from 1998). Standardized hand-collection by night was carried out in May 2016. In total, 702 spiders were collected, representing 6 families and 25 (morpho-)species. We found that the number of individuals, but not species richness, was highly correlated with the area of sampled forest fragments, suggesting that kipuka act as separate habitat islands for these predatory arthropods. Species richness was significantly lower in the lava matrix outside the kipuka compared to the kipuka habitats, although there was no statistical difference in species composition between the two habitats, largely because of similarity of non-native species in both habitats. Over the last 20 years, the abundance of non-native spider species substantially increased in both kipuka and lava habitats, in marked contrast to the vegetation that has remained more intact. With endemicity of terrestrial arthropods reaching over 95% in native forests, non-native predatory species present a critical challenge to the endemic fauna.

scholarly journals Peering into the Darkness: DNA Barcoding Reveals Surprisingly High Diversity of Unknown Species of Diptera (Insecta) in Germany

Insects ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Caroline Chimeno ◽  
Axel Hausmann ◽  
Stefan Schmidt ◽  
Michael J. Raupach ◽  
Dieter Doczkal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Malaise Traps

Determining the size of the German insect fauna requires better knowledge of several megadiverse families of Diptera and Hymenoptera that are taxonomically challenging. This study takes the first step in assessing these “dark taxa” families and provides species estimates for four challenging groups of Diptera (Cecidomyiidae, Chironomidae, Phoridae, and Sciaridae). These estimates are based on more than 48,000 DNA barcodes (COI) from Diptera collected by Malaise traps that were deployed in southern Germany. We assessed the fraction of German species belonging to 11 fly families with well-studied taxonomy in these samples. The resultant ratios were then used to estimate the species richness of the four “dark taxa” families (DT families hereafter). Our results suggest a surprisingly high proportion of undetected biodiversity in a supposedly well-investigated country: at least 1800–2200 species await discovery in Germany in these four families. As this estimate is based on collections from one region of Germany, the species count will likely increase with expanded geographic sampling.

scholarly journals Hemiptera of Canada

ZooKeys ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 277-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Foottit ◽  
H. Eric L. Maw ◽  
Joel H. Kits ◽  
Geoffrey G. E. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Additional Species

The Canadian Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, and Heteroptera) fauna is reviewed, which currently comprises 4011 species, including 405 non-native species. DNA barcodes available for Canadian specimens are represented by 3275 BINs. The analysis was based on the most recent checklist of Hemiptera in Canada (Maw et al. 2000) and subsequent collection records, literature records and compilation of DNA barcode data. It is estimated that almost 600 additional species remain to be discovered among Canadian Hemiptera.

scholarly journals Investigating leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) on the west coast islands of Sabah via checklist-taking and DNA barcoding

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5811
Author(s):  
Kam-Cheng Yeong ◽  
Haruo Takizawa ◽  
Thor-Seng Liew
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
The West ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
Island Habitats

Sabah is a province of Malaysia located on the northern part of the island of Borneo. Most of the leaf beetle fauna studies from this region conducted over the past 15 years have focussed on the mainland habitats while the leaf beetle fauna from island habitats (ca. 500 islands) have largely been overlooked. This study looks into the leaf beetle fauna of 13 small satellite islands off the west coast of Sabah. All specimens were first sorted into morpho-species operational taxonomic unit (OTU) before being identified to species rank where possible based on morphological characters and species names assigned when the specimens fitted the description of species in the literature. We collected 75 OTUs from 35 genera and five subfamilies according to morphology, 12 of which were identifiable to species level. In addition, the DNA barcode for each OTU was cross checked with records in GenBank and Barcoding of Life Data system (BOLD) to verify their identity. The number of species recorded was reduced from 12 species and 63 OTUs (total 75 OTUs) to 12 species and 56 OTUs (total 68 OTUs) after removal of the colour polymorphic species based on DNA barcode analyses. Pulau Gaya has the highest species richness and Pulau Sulug has the lowest species richness. A total of 64 Barcode Index Numbers consisting of 101 DNA barcodes were obtained from the 12 leaf beetle species and 48 OTUs. Based on the DNA barcode analyses, it was possible to confirm several polymorphic OTUs and cryptic species. The mean intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence were determined as 0.77% and 16.11%, respectively. DNA barcodes of this study show a low similarity with records in GenBank and BOLD, highlighting the lack of representation and the urgency of studying leaf beetles from this region. The study provides the first documentation of leaf beetle fauna from island habitats of Sabah and the first DNA barcoding data for leaf beetles from this part of the world, with the next steps being larger scale sampling over a wider geographical scale for a better understanding of tropical arthropod diversity.

scholarly journals Counting animal species with DNA barcodes: Canadian insects

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1702) ◽  
pp. 20150333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. N. Hebert ◽  
Sujeevan Ratnasingham ◽  
Evgeny V. Zakharov ◽  
Angela C. Telfer ◽  
Valerie Levesque-Beaudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Prior Estimate ◽  
Diverse Groups

Recent estimates suggest that the global insect fauna includes fewer than six million species, but this projection is very uncertain because taxonomic work has been limited on some highly diverse groups. Validation of current estimates minimally requires the investigation of all lineages that are diverse enough to have a substantial impact on the final species count. This study represents a first step in this direction; it employs DNA barcoding to evaluate patterns of species richness in 27 orders of Canadian insects. The analysis of over one million specimens revealed species counts congruent with earlier results for most orders. However, Diptera and Hymenoptera were unexpectedly diverse, representing two-thirds of the 46 937 barcode index numbers (=species) detected. Correspondence checks between known species and barcoded taxa showed that sampling was incomplete, a result confirmed by extrapolations from the barcode results which suggest the occurrence of at least 94 000 species of insects in Canada, a near doubling from the prior estimate of 54 000 species. One dipteran family, the Cecidomyiidae, was extraordinarily diverse with an estimated 16 000 species, a 10-fold increase from its predicted diversity. If Canada possesses about 1% of the global fauna, as it does for known taxa, the results of this study suggest the presence of 10 million insect species with about 1.8 million of these taxa in the Cecidomyiidae. If so, the global species count for this fly family may exceed the combined total for all 142 beetle families. If extended to more geographical regions and to all hyperdiverse groups, DNA barcoding can rapidly resolve the current uncertainty surrounding a species count for the animal kingdom. A newly detailed understanding of species diversity may illuminate processes important in speciation, as suggested by the discovery that the most diverse insect lineages in Canada employ an unusual mode of reproduction, haplodiploidy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.

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