Diagnosis and Control of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in Dairy Small Ruminants; Sheep and Goats

AbstractBackgroundThe conjugations of antigenic synthetic peptide sequences with carrier polymers have opened new possibilities for the treatment of diseases. In this study, 135–161 peptide sequence of VP1 capsid protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease was cross-linked with P(VP-co-AA) copolymer by covalent conjugation using water-soluble carbodiimide at different ratio of components (γ=5, 7, 9, 11, 15) for the first time in the literature.Materials and methodsBioconjugates were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy to identify occurrences of the conjugates. After characterization, γ=15 bioconjugate was determined as optimum conjugate for immunization studies and IC50 value is calculated as 1.227 mg/mL. By determining the nontoxic range, indirect ELISA were performed to evaluate the immune response elicited in balb/c mice by either peptide or P(VP-co-AA)-peptide bioconjugates (γ=15). Two injections were applied to each group and high immune responses were obtained against γ=15 conjugate compared to free peptide and control.Results and conclusionAt the end of 9-week, the general pattern of immunoreactivity was acquired as γ=15>>peptide>control. Peptide formulated in the conjugated form had higher antibody response than free peptide and control (p<0.01, for all in both cases), this conjugate formulation put forward the adjuvant activity of P(VP-co-AA) polymer.

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Assessment of foot-and-mouth disease risk areas in mainland China based spatial multi-criteria decision analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-424752/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wang Haoran ◽

Xiao Jianhua ◽

Ouyang Maolin ◽

Gao Hongyan ◽

Bie Jia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Decision Analysis ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Mainland China ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Risk Areas ◽

And Control

Abstract Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. As a transboundary animal disease, the prevention and control of FMD are important. This study was based on spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to assess FMD risk areas in mainland China. Ten risk factors were identified for constructing risk maps by scoring, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the criteria weights of all factors. Different risk factors had different units and attributes, and fuzzy membership was used to standardize the risk factors. The weighted linear combination (WLC) and one-at-a-time (OAT) were used to obtain risk and uncertainty maps as well as to perform sensitivity analysis. Results Four major risk areas were identified in mainland China, including western (Xinjiang and Tibet), southern (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong), northern (Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia), and eastern (Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong). We found spring as the main season for FMD outbreaks. Risk areas were associated with the distance to previous outbreak points, grazing areas and cattle density. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that the risk map had good predictive power (AUC = 0.8532). Conclusions These results can be used to delineate FMD risk areas in mainland China, and provinces can adopt the targeted preventive measures and control strategies.

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Investigations into Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak among Small Ruminants in Karnataka State of India

Agricultural Science Digest - A Research Journal ◽

10.18805/ag.d-5228 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raveendra Hegde ◽

B.P. Shivashankar ◽

N. Gautham ◽

G.R. Praveenkumar ◽

B. Rajasekar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Perivascular Spaces ◽

Grazing Land ◽

Sheep Population ◽

Goat Population ◽

Karnataka State ◽

Foot And Mouth

Background: Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) remains a serious threat to the Indian livestock sector due to significant economic loss associated with it. Systematic vaccination of large ruminants over the years has lead to a gradual reduction in the number of disease outbreaks in India. However exposure to FMDV infection in small ruminants has been recorded during the past few years (Rout et al. 2013). Sheep and goat population have not been vaccinated so far against FMD under the FMD-Control program (FMD-CP). The present study highlighted the outbreak of FMD in small ruminants in Karnataka, India.Methods: During the period 2018-19, seven suspected FMD outbreaks among sheep population in Bellary and Tumakuru districts of Karnataka state were investigated. Tongue epithelium (oral swabs) and foot lesions (n=23) from clinically affected sheep and tissues such as heart, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys from lambs during post mortem (n=67) were collected. All the samples were processed in the laboratory for the detection of FMD virus antigen by employing Serotype differentiating antigen detection ELISA and by multiplex PCR. Heart tissue samples were also collected in buffered formalin for histopathology study and processed by routine paraffin embedding technique and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H and E). Serum samples from the recovered animals were collected and screened by NSP-ELISA and LPB-ELISA to check the antibody status in the affected herd. Result: A total of seven suspected outbreaks of FMD involving 688 small ruminants was investigated. The outbreak of FMD due to FMDV serotype O was confirmed by ELISA and multiplex PCR assays. Clinically, the affected adult sheep showed typical signs of FMD, while mortality in young lambs was observed without apparent signs of disease. Histologically, heart tissues from FMD affected lambs showed myocardial necrosis with marked aggregations of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the myocardium and perivascular spaces. History of FMD outbreaks in cattle and common grazing land for the livestock, as well as sheep within the reach of these villages, may be the major contributing factors for the outbreaks in sheep populations.

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Foot and Mouth Disease : Etiology, Epidemiology and Control Measures

Infection and Chemotherapy ◽

10.3947/ic.2011.43.2.178 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 178 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Han Sang Yoo

Keyword(s):

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Control Measures ◽

Disease Etiology ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

And Control

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The Effectiveness of a Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak Control Programme in Thailand 2008–2015: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.3390/vetsci5040101 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 101 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Terdsak Yano ◽

Sith Premashthira ◽

Tosapol Dejyong ◽

Sahatchai Tangtrongsup ◽

Mo D. Salman

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Animal Movement ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Control Programme ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Control Measures ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

And Control

Three Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks in northern Thailand that occurred during the implementation of the national FMD strategic plan in 2008–2015 are described to illustrate the lessons learned and to improve the prevention and control of future outbreaks. In 2008, during a FMD outbreak on a dairy farm, milk delivery was banned for 30 days. This was a part of movement management, a key strategy for FMD control in dairy farms in the area. In 2009, more than half the animals on a pig farm were affected by FMD. Animal quarantine and restricted animal movement played a key role in preventing the spread of FMD. In 2010, FMD infection was reported in a captive elephant. The suspected source of virus was a FMD-infected cow on the same premises. The infected elephant was moved to an elephant hospital that was located in a different province before the diagnosis was confirmed. FMD education was given to elephant veterinarians to promote FMD prevention and control strategies in this unique species. These three cases illustrate how differences in outbreak circumstances and species require the implementation of a variety of different FMD control and prevention measures. Control measures and responses should be customized in different outbreak situations.

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