scholarly journals Co-integration and Causality Analysis in Major Natural Rubber Markets of Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Agbonkpolor Nosa Betty ◽  
Alufohai Grace Oghenerobo ◽  
Mesike Chinye Samuel ◽  
Adindu Ashetu Grace
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Causality Analysis

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

Novel Approaches of Using of Spirulina Platensis in Natural Rubber Based Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 680-687
Author(s):  
Ewa Głowińska ◽  
Janusz Datta ◽  
Paulina Parcheta and Natalia Kaźmierczak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Spirulina Platensis ◽  
Novel Approaches

Tensile Strength of Protein-free Natural Rubber and its Vulcanizate Soaked in Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 293-299
Author(s):  
Luu Thanh HUYEN ◽  
Chen Ao RAN ◽  
Yoshimasa YAMAMOTO ◽  
Seiichi KAWAHARA
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber

Rubber Fracture Characterization Using J-Integral

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Chow ◽  
J. Wang ◽  
P. N. Tse
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Fracture Parameter ◽  
J Integral ◽  
Specimen Length ◽  
Fracture Characterization ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
Material Evaluation

Abstract The use of the J-integral to investigate fracture characterization in a carbon black reinforced natural rubber is described. Three applications to crack initiation are included: two based on the use of a hypothetical zero specimen length and one on conventional testing procedures for metals. While the validity of the zero-length methods is questionable, the conventional method yielded a consistent Jc value of 1.01 N/mm for a typical tire compound. This value was obtained from 24 combinations of varying specimen geometries and pre-crack lengths. The J-integral is revealed as a valid fracture parameter that is applicable not only for material evaluation but also for designing tire structures to resist premature failure. These conclusions disagree with those from an earlier investigation, so the causes for the discrepancies are examined and discussed.

The Nexus between Financial Development and Human Development: The Case of Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Bilgehan Tekin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Development Levels ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study to examine the relationship between financial development and human development in the health and welfare dimensions of developing countries. This study aims to determine whether the financial developments of the countries have an effect on the basic human development of the individuals and whether human development indicators have an impact on financial development. In this study, the relationship between financial development and human development has been tried to be revealed by using data obtained from developing countries. Financial development levels of the countries were measured with the developed financial development index. The index is calculated by using M3 / GDP, private sector loans / GDP and loans to banks from private sector / GDP ratios. The human development index is calculated by considering various health indicators and GNP per capita. The data includes annual data for the period 1970-2016. Pedroni and Kao cointegration analysis and Dumitrescu & Hurlin panel causality analysis were performed in the study. According to the results of the study, the cointegration relationship was determined between the two variables. There is also a two-way causality between the variables.

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