THREE-DIMENSIONAL MULTI-SEGMENTED SPINE JOINT REACTION FORCES DURING COMMON WORKPLACE PHYSICAL DEMANDS/ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING

Objective: The quantification of inter-segmental spine joint reaction forces during common workplace physical demands. Background: Many spine reaction force models have focused on the L5/S1 or L4/L5 joints to quantify the vertebral joint reaction forces. However, the L5/S1 or L4/L5 approach neglects most of the intervertebral joints. Methods: The current study presents a clinically applicable and noninvasive model which calculates the spinal joint reaction forces at six different regions of the spine. Subjects completed four ambulatory activities of daily living: level walking, obstacle crossing, stair ascent, and stair descent. Results: Peak joint spinal reaction forces were compared between tasks and spine regions. Differences existed in the bodyweight normalized vertical joint reaction forces where the walking (8.05[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]3.19[Formula: see text]N/kg) task had significantly smaller peak reaction forces than the stair descent (12.12[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]1.32[Formula: see text]N/kg) agreeing with lower extremity data comparing walking and stair descent tasks. Conclusion: This method appears to be effective in estimating the joint reaction forces using a segmental spine model. The results suggesting the main effect of peak reactions forces in the segmental spine can be influenced by task.

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Quantification of Patellofemoral Joint Reaction Forces during Functional Activities Using a Subject-Specific Three-Dimensional Model

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.26.4.415 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 415-423 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Yu-Jen Chen ◽

Irving Scher ◽

Christopher M. Powers

Keyword(s):

Patellofemoral Joint ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Specific Model ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Stair Ascent ◽

Stair Descent ◽

Subject Specific ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Joint Reaction

The purpose of this study was to describe an imaging based, subject specific model that was developed to quantify patellofemoral joint reaction forces (PFJRF’s). The secondary purpose was to test the model in a group of healthy individuals while performing various functional tasks. Twenty healthy subjects (10 males, 10 females) were recruited. All participants underwent two phases of data collection: 1) magnetic resonance imaging of the knee, patellofemoral joint, and thigh, and 2) kinematic, kinetic and EMG analysis during walking, running, stair ascent, and stair descent. Using data obtained from MRI, a subject specific representation of the extensor mechanism was created. Individual gait data were used to drive the model (via an optimization routine) and three-dimensional vasti muscle forces and subsequent three-dimensional PFJRF’s were computed. The average peak PFJRF was found to be highest during running (58.2 N/kg-bwt), followed by stair ascent (33.9 N/kg-bwt), stair descent (27.9 N/kg-bwt), and walking (10.1 N/kg-bwt). No differences were found between males and females. For all conditions, the direction of the PFJRF was always in the posterior, superior, and lateral directions. The posterior component of the PFJRF always had the greatest magnitude, followed by superior and lateral components. Our results indicate that estimates of the magnitude and direction of the PFJRF during functional tasks can be obtained using a 3D-imaging based model.

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Comparison of Three-Dimensional Patellofemoral Joint Reaction Forces in Persons With and Without Patellofemoral Pain

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2011-0250 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 493-500 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Yu-Jen Chen ◽

Christopher M. Powers

Keyword(s):

Patellofemoral Joint ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Patellofemoral Pain ◽

Biomechanical Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Joint Reaction

The purpose of this study was to determine if persons with patellofemoral pain (PFP) exhibit differences in patellofemoral joint reaction forces (PFJRFs) during functional activities. Forty females (20 PFP, 20 controls) underwent two phases of data collection: (1) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and (2) biomechanical analysis during walking, running, stair ascent, and stair descent. A previously described three-dimensional model was used to estimate PFJRFs. Resultant PFJRFs and the orthogonal components were reported. The PFP group demonstrated lower peak resultant PFJRFs and posterior component and superior component of the PFJRFs compared with the control group across all conditions. However, the PFP group had a higher peak lateral component of the PFJRF in three out of the four conditions evaluated. The lower resultant PFJRFs suggested that individuals with PFP may employ strategies to minimize patellofemoral joint loading, but it did not result in diminished lateral forces acting on the patella.

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Mechanism Analysis Using Implicit Constraints

Volume 2: 32nd Mechanisms and Robotics Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/detc2008-49020 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

George H. Sutherland

Keyword(s):

Equations Of Motion ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Mechanism Analysis ◽

Kinematic Parameters ◽

Joint Reaction Force ◽

Dynamic Mechanisms ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Mechanism Kinematic ◽

Joint Reaction

This paper introduces an approach to kinematic and dynamic mechanisms analysis where one or more joints are modeled using joint component relative displacements that approximate real joint behavior. This approach allows for the simultaneous nonrecursive solution for both mechanism kinematic parameters and selected dynamic joint reaction forces. Also, for closed loop mechanisms, the approach eliminates the need for forming explicit loop closure constraint equations, so that the dynamic equations of motion, derived using either the Newtonian or Lagrangian method, have a simplified unconstrained form. The key element underlying the approach is the formation of axioms for the standard mechanism joint types that describe the form of the joint reaction force and/or moment in terms of a virtual (or real) displacement between the joint components.

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The Effect of Variations in Trunk Models in Predicting Muscle Strength and Spinal Loading

Journal of Musculoskeletal Research ◽

10.1142/s0218957797000086 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 55-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

M. Parnianpour ◽

J. L Wang ◽

A. Shirazi-Adl ◽

P. Sparto ◽

H.-J. Wilke

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Complex Loading ◽

Trunk Muscles ◽

Cost Functions ◽

Anatomical Models ◽

Spinal Loading ◽

Unified Modeling ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Joint Reaction

A unified modeling technique is proposed to predict the strength contour of trunk muscles during isometric exertions, which can identify the feasibility of task performance and quantify the utilization ratio for assessment of risk of development of muscular fatigue and over-exertion injury. In addition, the proposed model can estimate the joint reaction forces during performance of the feasible complex loading task in upright standing. Six anatomical models and six cost functions suggested by various research groups were considered in determining their effects on the predicted three-dimensional strength and lumbar intervertebral joint reaction forces obtained using linear and nonlinear optimizations. The present investigation has shown the importance of the fidelity of anatomical models used in estimation of spinal loading and trunk strength. The effect of cost functions on estimated compression and anterior-posterior shear forces was statistically significant. These models can assist in identifying the injurious tasks that must be ergonomically modified to prevent the risk of occupationally related low back injuries.

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Foot Rotation Gait Modifications Affect Hip and Ankle, But Not Knee, Stance Phase Joint Reaction Forces During Running

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4047994 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 143 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Hunter J. Bennett ◽

Kevin A. Valenzuela ◽

Scott K. Lynn ◽

Joshua T. Weinhandl

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Stance Phase ◽

External Rotation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽

Muscle Physiology ◽

Total Force ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Joint Reaction

Abstract Alterations of foot rotation angles have successfully reduced external knee adduction moments during walking and running. However, reductions in knee adduction moments may not result in reductions in knee joint reaction forces. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of internal and external foot rotation on knee, hip, and ankle joint reaction forces during running. Motion capture and force data were recorded of 19 healthy adults running at 3.35 m/s during three conditions: (1) preferred (normal) and with (2) internal and (3) external foot rotation. Musculoskeletal simulations were performed using opensim and the Rajagopal 2015 model, modified to a two degree-of-freedom knee joint. Muscle excitations were derived using static optimization, including muscle physiology parameters. Joint reaction forces (i.e., the total force acting on the joints) were computed and compared between conditions using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) via statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Internal foot rotation reduced resultant hip forces (from 18% to 23% stride), while external rotation reduced resultant ankle forces (peak force at 20% stride) during the stance phase. Three-dimensional and resultant knee joint reaction forces only differed at very early and very late stance phase. The results of this study indicate, similar to previous findings, that reductions in external knee adduction moments do not mirror reductions in knee joint reaction forces.

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Dynamic Response of Human Legs due to Horizontal Jump

Volume 2: Biomedical and Biotechnology ◽

10.1115/imece2012-88612 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Srikanth Ravuri ◽

Fred Barez ◽

David Wagner ◽

Jim Kao

Keyword(s):

Reaction Force ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Leap Motion ◽

Biomechanical Simulation ◽

Maximum Reaction ◽

Internal Joint ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Distal Direction

Jumping is a coordinated extension of the human body through combined strength and agility to perform a leap motion far enough for the feet to land on the ground. However, the repeated reaction forces and the resulting stresses on the ankle, knee and hip joints may cause injuries to a person. A primary mechanism of such injuries is suggested to be the acute high impact loads experienced during the landing in a horizontal jump. The goal of this study is to determine the reaction force distribution at the joints in the lower extremities during the horizontal jump. A detailed biomechanical system was constructed to calculate the reaction forces generated during the horizontal jump. The horizontal jump kinematics of a participant was measured using a three-dimensional motion capture system and the landing forces were measured using two force plates. Biomechanical simulation software was used to calculate the internal joint reaction forces at the ankle, knee, and hip. It was determined that the maximum reaction forces primarily occurred in the proximo/distal direction of the hip, 2,300 N; and ankle, 2,700 N. However, at the knee joint, the maximum reaction force was determined to be in antero/posterior direction, at 2,000 N; and proximo/distal direction, at 2,100 N, respectively.

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A Forefoot Strike Requires the Highest Forces Applied to the Foot Among Foot Strike Patterns

Sports Medicine International Open ◽

10.1055/s-0042-122017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 01 (02) ◽

pp. E37-E42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Satoru Hashizume ◽

Toshio Yanagiya

Keyword(s):

Achilles Tendon ◽

Ground Reaction Force ◽

Reaction Force ◽

Moment Arm ◽

Moment Arms ◽

Joint Reaction Forces ◽

Force Moment ◽

Foot Strike ◽

Reaction Forces ◽

Joint Reaction

AbstractGround reaction force is often used to predict the potential risk of injuries but may not coincide with the forces applied to commonly injured regions of the foot. This study examined the forces applied to the foot, and the associated moment arms made by three foot strike patterns. 10 male runners ran barefoot along a runway at 3.3 m/s using forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot strikes. The Achilles tendon and ground reaction force moment arms represented the shortest distance between the ankle joint axis and the line of action of each force. The Achilles tendon and joint reaction forces were calculated by solving equations of foot motion. The Achilles tendon and joint reaction forces were greatest for the forefoot strike (2 194 and 3 137 N), followed by the midfoot strike (1 929 and 2 853 N), and the rearfoot strike (1 526 and 2 394 N). The ground reaction force moment arm was greater for the forefoot strike than for the other foot strikes, and was greater for the midfoot strike than for the rearfoot strike. Meanwhile, there were no differences in the Achilles tendon moment arm among all foot strikes. These differences were attributed mainly to differences in the ground reaction force moment arm among the three foot strike patterns.

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