Folds and Refolds

2016 ◽  
pp. 723-743
Author(s):  
Mauro Chiarella
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Geometric Representation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Architectural Space ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mathematical Calculation

Geometry and architecture both have a long trajectory in the history of western thought. Geometry offers the possibility to interpret the physical structure of the world and to develop rational thinking, while architecture provides the capacity to transform the physical substance and meaning of our surroundings. Diverse developments in the field of geometric representation have determined the characteristics of architectural space: from the modulated rigour of Classicism and the birth of Euclidean geometry, to contemporary informalism with the incorporation of digital mathematical calculation and intense questioning and reconsideration of traditional Cartesian space. The two-dimensional constant and dynamic projection of a three-dimensional spatial situation has been upheld since the time of simple spatial-temporal allegories of the architectural project up until the new developments with unconventional instrumental resources, generating innovative structural, formal, spatial and technological solutions.

Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and the early history of three-dimensional paleontological art

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Peck ◽  
Stephen M. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Early History ◽  
Public Display ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Political Machine ◽  
Tammany Hall ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lecture Tour

ABSTRACT Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins (1807–1894) was a British scientific illustrator and sculptor who illustrated many British exploration reports in the 1830s and 1840s. In the early 1850s, Hawkins was commissioned to create life-size, concrete sculptures of Iguanodon, ichthyosaurs, and other extinct animals for a permanent exhibition in south London. They were the first large sculptures of extinct vertebrates ever made, and they are still on view today. Inspired by his success in England, Hawkins launched a lecture tour and working trip to North America in 1868. Soon after his arrival, he was commissioned to “undertake the resuscitation of a group of animals of the former periods of the American continent” for public display in New York City. Had it been built, this would have been the first paleontological museum in the world. As part of this ambitious project, with the assistance of the American paleontologist Joseph Leidy, Hawkins cast the bones of a recently discovered Hadrosaurus specimen and used them to construct the first articulated dinosaur skeleton ever put on display in a museum. It was unveiled at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in November 1868. Hawkins worked tirelessly on New York’s proposed “Paleozoic Museum” for two years, until his funding was cut by William “Boss” Tweed, the corrupt leader of the Tammany Hall political machine, who grew hostile to the project and abolished the Central Park Commission that had made it possible. When Hawkins defiantly continued to work, without funding, Tweed dispatched a gang of thugs to break into his studio and smash all of the sculptures and molds. Although Hawkins would create several copies of his articulated Hadrosaurus skeleton for other institutions, the prospect of building a grand museum of paleontology in America was forever destroyed by Tweed’s actions.

Exploration of Non-Revolved Parts Modeling Based on MBD and Pro/ENGINEER

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 1171-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Xin Wang ◽  
Yu Guo ◽  
Ming Yue Guo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Great Change ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Modeling Methods ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Boeing Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Product Definition

A great change in mechanical industry has occurred after several successful practices using MBD (Model Based Definition) of The Boeing Company. It is an inevitable trend from two-dimensional product definition to three-dimensional product definition in mechanical industry. Several standards for MBD have emerged around the world. This paper explores the non-revolved parts modeling methods based on MBD and Pro/ENGINEER, presents several key steps about full-annotated model per MBD and then makes a conclusion. Following these methods we successfully build a typical non-revolved model which conforms to MBD standards correctly and efficiently.

scholarly journals Light Echoes of Transients and Variables in the Local Universe

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rest ◽  
B. Sinnott ◽  
D. L. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Dust ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Large Magellanic Cloud ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Local Universe ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Light Echoes ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

AbstractAstronomical light echoes, the time-dependent light scattered by dust in the vicinity of varying objects, have been recognized for over a century. Initially, their utility was thought to be confined to mapping out the three-dimensional distribution of interstellar dust. Recently, the discovery of spectroscopically useful light echoes around centuries-old supernovae in the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud has opened up new scientific opportunities to exploit light echoes.In this review, we describe the history of light echoes in the local Universe and cover the many new developments in both the observation of light echoes and the interpretation of the light scattered from them. Among other benefits, we highlight our new ability to classify outbursting objects spectroscopically, view them from multiple perspectives, obtain a spectroscopic time series of the outburst, and establish accurate distances to the source event. We also describe the broader range of variable objects with properties that may be better understood from light-echo observations. Finally, we discuss the prospects of new light-echo techniques not yet realized in practice.

The Representation of Experience in Architectural Design

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Zobel
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Immersive Environments ◽  
Architectural Space ◽  
Experiential Quality

Architecture, which is by its very nature a three-dimensional art, has in the last 500 years evolved to a stage where nearly all of the design exploration and visualization occur in any of a number of two-dimensional media. These media do not effectively portray the experiential quality of approaching, entering, and moving through an architectural space, an aspect which is primary to any design. In discussing this, James J. Gibson's concept of affordance will be used as a basis for the examination of a variety of media that are commonly used to describe the experiential quality of architecture, and how each of these media speaks to this frequently neglected characteristic. Particular attention will be given to the new technology of computer-generated immersive environments, which as a design medium promises to bring the issue of experiential quality in architecture to the forefront of design. Examples of each of the most common media, physical models, perspectives, noninteractive screen-based architectural walk throughs, interactive screen-based architectural walk throughs, and computer-generated immersive environments, will be examined as to their utility in experiential description. A discussion of the specific characteristics of each of the electronic media and the applications benefits and drawbacks will be included.

THREE‐DIMENSIONAL GRAVITY INSTABILITY DERIVED FROM TWO‐DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Biot
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time History ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Problem ◽  
Periodic Patterns ◽  
Numerical Work ◽  
Characteristic Distance ◽  
General Validity ◽  
Dimensional Gravity ◽  
History Of

The theory of three‐dimensional gravity instability of multilayers is developed with particular application to salt structures. It is shown that three‐dimensional solutions are immediately obtained without further numerical work from the solution of the corresponding two‐dimensional problem. Application to a number of typical three‐dimensional structures yields the characteristic distance between peaks and crests and shows that this distance does not differ significantly from the wavelength of the two‐dimensional solution. Various periodic patterns are examined corresponding to rectangular and hexagonal cells. The time history of nonperiodic structures corresponding to initial deviations from perfect horizontality is also derived. The method is applied to the three‐dimensional problem of generation of salt structures when the time‐history of sedimentation is taken into account with variable thickness and compaction of the overburden and establishes the general validity of the geological conclusions derived from the previous two‐dimensional treatment of the same problem (Biot and Odé, 1965). The present method of deriving three‐dimensional solutions, which is developed here in the special context of gravity instability, is valid for a wide variety of problems in theoretical physics.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional molar enamel distribution and thickness in Australopithecus and Paranthropus

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J Olejniczak ◽  
T.M Smith ◽  
M.M Skinner ◽  
F.E Grine ◽  
R.N.M Feeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Enamel Thickness ◽  
Australopithecus Africanus ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Dimensional Measurements ◽  
Dimensional Distribution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Thickness Measurements

Thick molar enamel is among the few diagnostic characters of hominins which are measurable in fossil specimens. Despite a long history of study and characterization of Paranthropus molars as relatively ‘hyper-thick’, only a few tooth fragments and controlled planes of section (designed to be proxies of whole-crown thickness) have been measured. Here, we measure molar enamel thickness in Australopithecus africanus and Paranthropus robustus using accurate microtomographic methods, recording the whole-crown distribution of enamel. Both taxa have relatively thick enamel, but are thinner than previously characterized based on two-dimensional measurements. Three-dimensional measurements show that P. robustus enamel is not hyper-thick, and A. africanus enamel is relatively thinner than that of recent humans. Interspecific differences in the whole-crown distribution of enamel thickness influence cross-sectional measurements such that enamel thickness is exaggerated in two-dimensional sections of A. africanus and P. robustus molars. As such, two-dimensional enamel thickness measurements in australopiths are not reliable proxies for the three-dimensional data they are meant to represent. The three-dimensional distribution of enamel thickness shows different patterns among species, and is more useful for the interpretation of functional adaptations than single summary measures of enamel thickness.

scholarly journals Using of Parallel Coordinates in Finding Minimum Distance in Time-Space

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Olga Blazekova ◽  
Maria Vojtekova
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Geometric Representation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Parallel Coordinates ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Cartesian Coordinate

Airspace domain may be represented by a time-space consisting of a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system and time as the fourth dimension. A coordinate system provides a scheme for locating points given its coordinates and vice versa. The choice of coordinate system is important, as it transforms data to geometric representation. Visualization of the three and more dimensional data on the two-dimensional drawing - computer monitor is usually done by projection, which often can restrict the amount of information presented at a time. Using the parallel coordinate system is one of possibilities to present multidimensional data. The aim of this article is to describe basics of parallel coordinate system and to investigate lines and their characteristics in time-space.

The Development and Research on the Engineering Graphics Based on Computer Technique Era

2012 ◽  
Vol 229-231 ◽  
pp. 1798-1801
Author(s):  
Ze Rong Li ◽  
Bi Ru Li ◽  
Li Qin ◽  
Jian Chun Gong
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Computer Technique ◽  
Engineering Graphics ◽  
Development History ◽  
Special Training ◽  
Modern Engineering ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Engineering

This article analyses the development history of Engineering graphics, researches on modern engineering graphics, and puts forward the problem of modern engineering graphics, as drawing and interpreting drawings all need special training. For the problem this article puts forward the new structure of pattern: using three-dimensional pattern to replace traditional two- dimensional pattern, expressing the inside and outside structure shape of parts, by the profile and rotation of three-dimensional pattern. the three-dimensional is more directer and visualer than the two-dimensional patterns as the same method to express the structure and shape of objects. use three-dimensional to express to avoid the two conversions from three-dimensional to two-dimensional(drawing) or from two-dimensional to three- dimensional(interpret drawings).

Three-Dimensional Bilateral Symmetry Bias in Judgments of Figural Identity and Orientation

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael K. McBeath ◽  
Diane J. Schiano ◽  
Barbara Tversky
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bilateral Symmetry ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Random Polygons ◽  
The World

The two experiments reported explored a bias toward symmetry in judging identity and orientation of indeterminate two-dimensional shapes Subjects viewed symmetric and asymmetric filled, random polygons and described “what each figure looks like” and its orientation Viewers almost universally interpreted the shapes as silhouettes of bilaterally symmetric three-dimensional (3-D) objects This assumption of 3-D symmetry tended to constrain perceived vantage of the identified objects such that symmetric shapes were interpreted as straight-on views, and asymmetric shapes as profile or oblique views Because most salient objects in the world are bilaterally symmetric, these findings are consistent with the view that assuming 3-D symmetry can be a robust heuristic for constraining orientation when identifying objects from indeterminate patterns

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