From Regional Austrian Parking Ordinances to Sound Guidelines

2017 ◽  
pp. 177-203
Author(s):  
Tadej Brezina ◽  
Josef Michael Schopf
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Building Codes ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Parking Space ◽  
Transport Planning ◽  
Long Run ◽  
City Planners

Provision of parking space is a constant challenge in urban transport planning because streetscape is a limited resource and therefore highly contested between different uses. In Austria, building regulation competence is subsidiary appointed from the national level to nine provincial parliaments. This leads to nine different parking ordinances. Whereas historically all ordinances have been focusing only on car parking by means of rigid regulations, only recently selected provincial parliaments added detailed bicycle ordinances their building codes. After a detailed overview of the Austrian situation and selected international innovations, the authors identify long-run goals that parking organization in cities should aim at and suggest an improvement of parking ordinances so that city planners and city administrations will have at hand appropriate design tools for mobility regime improvement.

Reducing the Impact of Unemployment through Work-Sharing: Some Industrial Relations Considerations

1983 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah M. Meltz ◽  
Frank Reid
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Industrial Relations ◽  
National Level ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Work Sharing ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

The Canadian Government has introduced a work-sharing program in which lay offs are avoided by reducing the work week and using unemployment insurance funds to pay workers short-time compensation. Compared to the lay-off alternative, there appear to be economic benefits to work-sharing for both management and employees. Reaction to the scheme has been generally positive at the union local level and the firm level, but it has been negative at the national level of both labour and management. These divergent views can be explained mainly as a result of short-run versus long-run perspectives. Managers at the firm level see the immediate benefit of improved labour relations and the avoidance of the costs of hiring and training replacements for laid-off workers who do not respond when recalled. The national business leaders are more concerned with work incentive and efficiency aspects of work-sharing.

scholarly journals Research on Human Travel Correlation for Urban Transport Planning Based on Multisource Data

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 195
Author(s):  
Hua Chen ◽  
Ming Cai ◽  
Chen Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Travel Demand ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
License Plate ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Transport Planning ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Single Dataset

With the rapid development of positioning techniques, a large amount of human travel trajectory data is collected. These datasets have become an effective data resource for obtaining urban traffic patterns. However, many traffic analyses are only based on a single dataset. It is difficult to determine whether a single-dataset-based result can meet the requirement of urban transport planning. In response to this problem, we attempted to obtain traffic patterns and population distributions from the perspective of multisource traffic data using license plate recognition (LPR) data and cellular signaling (CS) data. Based on the two kinds of datasets, identification methods of residents’ travel stay point are proposed. For LPR data, it was identified based on different vehicle speed thresholds at different times. For CS data, a spatiotemporal clustering algorithm based on time allocation was proposed to recognize it. We then used the correlation coefficient r and the significance test p-values to analyze the correlations between the CS and LPR data in terms of the population distribution and traffic patterns. We studied two real-world datasets from five working days of human mobility data and found that they were significantly correlated for the stay and move population distributions. Then, the analysis scale was refined to hour level. We also found that they still maintain a significant correlation. Finally, the origin–destination (OD) matrices between traffic analysis zones (TAZs) were obtained. Except for a few TAZs with poor correlations due to the fewer LPR records, the correlations of the other TAZs remained high. It showed that the population distribution and traffic patterns computed by the two datasets were fairly similar. Our research provides a method to improve the analysis of complex travel patterns and behaviors and provides opportunities for travel demand modeling and urban transport planning. The findings can also help decision-makers understand urban human mobility and can serve as a guide for urban management and transport planning.

Extractivist Geographies: Mining and Development in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Peru

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Himley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Development ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Extractive Economies

In Peru, development dreams have not infrequently been hitched to the expansion of mining and other extractive activities. While the Peruvian state pursued strategies to stimulate mining expansion during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the geography of capitalist mining that emerged mapped poorly onto the national development imaginaries of the country’s elites. State-led efforts to mobilize subsurface resources in the service of national-level development conflicted with the tendency for extractive economies to exhibit uneven and discontinuous spatialities. Attention to the long-run unevenness of extractive investment in global resource frontiers such as Peru promises to deepen understandings of both world environmental history and the contemporary politics of resource extractivism. En el Perú, los sueños de desarrollo han sido enganchados con frecuencia a la expansión de la minería y otras actividades extractivas. Mientras que el estado peruano siguió estrategias para estimular la expansión minera a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la geografía de la minería capitalista que surgió no se proyectó bien en los imaginarios de desarrollo nacional de las élites del país. Los esfuerzos dirigidos por el estado para movilizar los recursos del subsuelo al servicio del desarrollo a nivel nacional contradijeron la tendencia de las economías extractivas a mostrar espacialidades desparejas y discontinuas. La atención al carácter desparejo a largo plazo de la inversión extractiva en las fronteras de recursos globales, como Perú, promete profundizar el entendimiento tanto de la historia ambiental mundial como de la política contemporánea del extractivismo de recursos.

scholarly journals The Green Innovation Effect on Heavy-Polluting Enterprises Under the Environmental Protection Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leqian Ouyang ◽  
Daming You
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Financial Power

One of the main purposes of the 2015 Environmental Protection Law (EPL) of the People's Republic of China is to boost the green innovation of the enterprises. Using heavy-polluting enterprises as examples, this paper uses the Difference-in-difference analysis (DDD) technique to analyze the influence of EPL on the green innovation of enterprises under fiscal decentralization and enterprise heterogeneity. Results show that EPL exerts a negative impact on the green innovation of heavy-polluting enterprises at the national level, as well as those in the central and western areas specifically. The only presence of positive motivation for green innovation is being found in the eastern area, although, the motivation seems to be insignificant. The negative impacts have been lasting in the long run, especially for the low-performance enterprises in the central areas. As for the targeted implementation of EPL in China, local governments should make the best use of financial power under fiscal decentralization. This balanced approach is designed to motivate enterprises in different regions with various performance levels to develop green innovation based on their different weaknesses and strengths.

scholarly journals General Patterns and Drivers of Changes in Employment Structure: Evidence from Five European Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-362
Author(s):  
Larysa Yakymova
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
National Level ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
Impact Of Urbanization ◽  
The Impact

This paper seeks to answer whether the general patterns and drivers of the sectoral employment shifts depend on a country’s level of development. To accomplish this, we examined employment in Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Ukraine at the national level (1998-2018) using econometric analysis, and at the regional NUTS2 level (2009-2018) using shift-share analysis. We obtained evidence that the general trend is the service sector expansion. Using the ARDL approach and the Granger causality test, we identified long-run unidirectional causality running from income proxies to employment in services in all countries except Romania, where the opposite causality was found. We revealed that household income moderates the impact of urbanization on service sector growth in all countries except Poland. At the regional level, the change in the employment rate in services is explained by the national growth effect and slightly by the industry-mix effect if the active phase of structural changes is completed.

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