Backward Planning, Forward Motion
The main purpose of the chapter is to present a holistic approach for effectively designing library and information literacy instruction applicable to any library setting. After reviewing the historical developments and implications of information literacy concepts, the three stages of backward design are explained and placed in the context of key learning theories and perspectives. Examples of the three-stage process demonstrate how the design calls on librarians to identify the desired results embodied by standards and objectives, to create authentic assessments that provide evidence of learning, and to align learning activities with the desired outcomes. Examples also highlight variations for different delivery formats, including face-to-face, flipped, and online environments. Implications for using backward design for overall, additional program planning are also discussed.