Projectile Weapons

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-117
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Different Types

The author shows some examples in order to see how justifications can be constructed, and defeated. Projectile weapons belong to many different types or categories, and in this chapter, the author considers examples of artillery and infantry weapons. He includes among the former torsion artillery developed by the Greeks over two millennia ago. This interesting example shows that weapons design has a long history. He considers the development of the modern rifle, which had its genesis in the nineteenth century, and the modern assault rifle. In all of these cases, the weapons were produced at one time and place, in one context, and came to be used in future times and places which the weapons designers could not have known about. To mention one example here, the standard German infantry rifle of both world wars first came into production in 1898 as a result of work started 25 years before. This weapon was used to murder millions of civilians, including Jews, in the Soviet Union from 1941 to 1945.

On the origins of the concept of ‘latent schizophrenia’ in Russian psychiatry

2021 ◽  
pp. 0957154X2110353
Author(s):  
Birk Engmann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Eugen Bleuler ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Psychiatry ◽  
Soviet Research

In the mid-twentieth century in the Soviet Union, latent schizophrenia became an important concept and a matter of research and also of punitive psychiatry. This article investigates precursor concepts in early Russian psychiatry of the nineteenth century, and examines whether – as claimed in recent literature – Russian and Soviet research on latent schizophrenia was mainly influenced by the work of Eugen Bleuler.

Staging the Folk: Choreographic Issues of National Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-246
Author(s):  
Anthony Shay
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Folk Dance ◽  
Ethnic Representation ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Classical Ballet ◽  
Dance Companies

This article looks at the multiple ways that folk dance has been staged in both the nineteenth century when character or national (the two terms were used interchangeably) dance was widely used in classical ballet, and the twentieth in which Igor Moiseyev created a new genre of dance related to it. The ballet masters that created character dance for ballet often created ballroom dances based on folk origin, but that would be suitable for the urban population. This popularity of national dance was the result of the burgeoning of romantic nationalism that swept Europe after the French Revolution. Beginning in the 1930s with Igor Moiseyev founding the first professional ‘folk dance’ company for the Soviet Union, nation states across the world established large, state-supported folk dance companies for purposes of national and ethnic representation that dominated the stages of the world for the second half of the twentieth century. These staged versions of folk dance, were, I argue an extension of nineteenth century national/character dance because their founding directors, like Igor Moiseyev, came from the era when ballet dancers were trained in that genre.

scholarly journals Bolshevik Disease and Stalinist Terror: On the Historical Casuistry of Artificial Pneumothorax

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor J. Polianski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Artificial Pneumothorax ◽  
History Of

AbstractFrom its initial development by Carlo Forlanini at the end of the nineteenth century until the advent of antibiotics in the 1940s, artificial pneumothorax was one of the most widely used treatments for pulmonary tuberculosis. However, there were strongly held reservations about this therapy because of its risks and side effects. In the Soviet Union under Stalin, such uncertainties became instruments of political denunciation. The leading Soviet pulmonary physician Volf S. Kholtsman (1886–1941) was alleged to have used the so-called ‘aristocratic therapy’ of artificial pneumothorax to kill prominent Bolsheviks. Drawing on documents from Stalin’s personal Secretariat, this historical study of the pneumothorax scandal contributes to the cultural history of tuberculosis, showing how it was instrumentalised for political purposes.

Mass Deportations, Ethnic Cleansing, and Genocidal Politics in the Later Russian Empire and the USSR

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Werth
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Russian Empire

Between the middle of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth, the immense areas of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union saw some extreme forms of state violence, though of course, in very different historical contexts. This article addresses the main specificities of the great episodes of deportation and ethnic cleansing in the later Russian Empire and in the Soviet Union, as well as an immense event that remained completely hidden for more than half a century, the ‘man-made famines’ of the early 1930s. It also discusses the applicability or otherwise of the word ‘genocide’ to the Ukrainian famine of 1932–3 and the deportation of the ‘punished peoples’ from 1941–4.

Chilean Anticommunism

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-72
Author(s):  
James Lockhart
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
South American ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Late Nineteenth

This chapter evaluates the rise of social conflict in Chile from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth. It presents Chile's labor movement, the Chilean Communist Party, Chile's conservatives, Chile's professional officer corps, and the Ibáñez dictatorship as the earliest expression of Cold War struggles in Chile. It connects the Chilean Communist Party to the Comintern's South American Bureau and the Soviet Union. It explains why the dictatorship broke relations with the Soviet Union and suppressed the communist party in 1927. And it reviews the nature of United States perceptions and involvement in these events.

Researching Chinese History in Russia: A Guide to Archives in Moscow and St. Petersburg

Itinerario ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-199
Author(s):  
David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Important Work ◽  
The West ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Soviet Union

It is already a cliché that the fall of the Soviet Union is providing an archival bonanza to historians. Naturally most attention is on sensational revelations from previously-inaccessible collections about Russia's own past. Yet those interested in other nations can also profit from the new openness of Moscow's and St. Petersburg's archives. This is particularly true for specialists in nineteenth-century Chinese history: Tsarist diplomats, officers and geographers actively studied their Asian neighbour, and their documents provide a fascinating perspective on the latter years of the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, the years before 1917 mark the golden age of Russian Sinology. While their accomplishments are largely ignored in the West, St. Petersburg's Orientalists produced much original and important work.

scholarly journals Mykhailo Hrushevs'kyi's Historical Methodology

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Pirie
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
Interpretive Framework

Long suppressed in the Soviet Union, the works of Ukraine's most noted historian, Mykhailo Hrushevs'kyi, have recently become the object of great interest in Ukraine. It is therefore necessary for the scholarly world to begin the process of re-examining Hrushevs'kyi's writing of history. This paper rejects the common interpretation that Hrushevs'kyi's work was a product of the nineteenth century Ukrainian populist tradition and was therefore indifferent to the idea of Ukrainian statehood or nationhood. By demonstrating the continuity of Ukraine's historical development, H rushevs'kyi sought to modify the traditional Russocentric interpretation and to show that Ukraine was a distinct nation with a tradition of statehood. This paper illustrates how Hrushevs'kyi's methodology, periodization scheme, and interpretive framework for East-Slavic history were all adjusted to support this "national idea;" this willingness to adapt his methods is the outstanding characteristic of Hrushcv's'kyi's historical methodology. His highly controversial interpretation of the origin of the East-Slavic peoples is also examined in this paper. Finally, Hrushevs'kyi's historical bias as well as his contribution to the scholarly world are considered.

Marxism after Communism: beyond Realism and Historicism

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 127-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW GAMBLE
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Social System ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Official Ideology ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Collapse Of Communism

Marx always predicted that the development of capitalism as a social system would be punctuated by major crises, which would become progressively deeper and broader until the system itself was swept away. What he could not have foreseen was that the development of Marxism as a theory would also be marked by crises, both of belief and of method, which have periodically threatened its survival. In this respect at least Marxism has achieved a unity of theory and practice. No crisis has been so profound for Marxism, however, as the crisis brought about by the collapse of Communism in Europe after 1989. With the disappearance after seventy years of the Soviet Union, the first workers' state and the first state to proclaim Marxism as its official ideology, Marxism as a critical theory of society suddenly seemed rudderless, no longer relevant to understanding the present or providing a guide as to how society might be changed for the better. Marx at last was to be returned to the nineteenth century where many suspected he had always belonged.

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