Exploring Female Entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-258
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakria ◽  
Paulo Miguel Vila Nova dos Santos ◽  
António Carrizo Moreira ◽  
Jorge Mota
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Of Resources

This chapter addresses some of the misconceptions regarding female entrepreneurship and how different notions in different contexts lay the ground for further misalignments in the entrepreneurial process. It also addresses how contextual issues affect social and economic underpinnings in different countries. Stereotypes in traditional and modern societies and the barriers to gender equality results in unequal distribution of resources, which are further reflected on the characteristics of entrepreneurs leading to potential hindrances to female entrepreneurship from contextual issue. The need to recognize the diversity that exists among different contexts and the level of impact on female entrepreneurship is reflected on society. Finally, the chapter offers a tentative outlook for further research into female entrepreneurship through the discussion of contextual issues and conclusions.

scholarly journals Why do inequality and deprivation produce high crime and low trust?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît De Courson ◽  
Daniel Nettle
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Mutual Advantage ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Current Resource ◽  
Optimal Action ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Model Features

AbstractHumans sometimes cooperate to mutual advantage, and sometimes exploit one another. In industrialised societies, the prevalence of exploitation, in the form of crime, is related to the distribution of economic resources: more unequal societies tend to have higher crime, as well as lower social trust. We created a model of cooperation and exploitation to explore why this should be. Distinctively, our model features a desperation threshold, a level of resources below which it is extremely damaging to fall. Agents do not belong to fixed types, but condition their behaviour on their current resource level and the behaviour in the population around them. We show that the optimal action for individuals who are close to the desperation threshold is to exploit others. This remains true even in the presence of severe and probable punishment for exploitation, since successful exploitation is the quickest route out of desperation, whereas being punished does not make already desperate states much worse. Simulated populations with a sufficiently unequal distribution of resources rapidly evolve an equilibrium of low trust and zero cooperation: desperate individuals try to exploit, and non-desperate individuals avoid interaction altogether. Making the distribution of resources more equal or increasing social mobility is generally effective in producing a high cooperation, high trust equilibrium; increasing punishment severity is not.

Man: From Healthy Model to Deficient Creature

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-419
Author(s):  
Martin Dinges
Keyword(s):  
Good Health ◽  
Freedom Of Choice ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Health Politics ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Gendered Discourse

Abstract The recent discourse on health inverts the traditional positions of gender – where men are supposed to be in good health, while women are not. The contribution proposes answers to the question of why this discourse has emerged over the last twenty years. Furthermore, the important effects of this discourse on the constitution of medical and epidemiological knowledge are analyzed. Some effects were one-sided and therefore problematic for men as well as for women: This concerns the relation to their body and the gendered appropriation of what medicine offers. Men and women were distributed to different fields of practice separated by gender, which limited their freedom of choice. The gendered discourse has also impacted health politics, leading to an unequal distribution of resources often not in line with the actual needs of men and women.

scholarly journals Why do inequality and deprivation produce high crime and low trust?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît de Courson ◽  
Daniel Nettle
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Mutual Advantage ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Current Resource ◽  
Optimal Action ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Model Features

Humans sometimes cooperate to mutual advantage, and sometimes exploit one another. In industrialised societies, the prevalence of exploitation is related to the distribution of economic resources: more unequal societies tend to have higher crime, as well as lower social trust. We created a model of cooperation and exploitation to explore why this should be. Distinctively, our model features a desperation threshold, a level of resources below which it is extremely damaging to fall. Agents do not belong to fixed types, but condition their behaviour on their current resource level and the behaviour in the population around them. We show that the optimal action for individuals who are close to the desperation threshold is to exploit others. This remains true even in the presence of severe and probable punishment for exploitation, since successful exploitation is the quickest route out of desperation, whereas being punished does not make already desperate states much worse. Simulated populations with a sufficiently unequal distribution of resources rapidly evolve an equilibrium of low trust and zero cooperation: desperate individuals try to exploit, and non-desperate individuals avoid interaction altogether. Making the distribution of resources more equal or increasing social mobility is generally effective in producing a high cooperation, high trust equilibrium; increasing punishment severity is not.

scholarly journals Not all Lockdowns are Created Equal. Indian Migrant Crisis in Times of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Stany Babu
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Internal Migrant ◽  
Urban Economic ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
The Many

The COVID-19 pandemic in India laid visible the stark disparity and unequal distribution of resources in the Indian society. With the imposition of one of the harshest lockdowns in the world , the migrant workers in the country (both interstate and intrastate) have taken the cruel brunt of this pandemic. These internal migrant workers were left in the urban economic centres (cities) with no proper housing, jobs (most of them being employed in informal sectors) and any form of income generation. This led to a mass exodus of migrant workers from urban centres to their rural homes in the hope that they may not go hungry and will have a roof over their heads. The global crisis brought to the forefront that the pandemic is being experienced differently by different economic strands of the Indian society. By severing the public transportation (buses and trains), to mitigate the risk of spread of the virus across districts and states , the migrant workers were denied the only means of affordable movement. This paper will chronicle the many obstacles and hardships that were faced by the migrants when public transportation was denied, on their long journey 'home', without any certainty of reaching their villages alive.

scholarly journals Female Entrepreneurship: Basic Characteristics, Equality, Support

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurship Training ◽  
Specific Support ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The publication examines the main aspects of female entrepreneurship in Bulgaria. Key issues on the entrepreneurial profile of women starting and running their own business, as well as gender equality in this field are explored. The strengths and the need for specific support for women who create and develop entrepreneurial activities are discussed. In total, 178 women entrepreneurs with different education and age have been surveyed. Their companies also differ in size and activity. Bulgarian women entrepreneurs are mainly with higher education – economic or technical. About half of their companies have been established before 2008, operating mainly in services and trade. According to the results of the study, women believe that they have equal chances with men for success in starting and developing a business. The support they prefer mainly includes providing access to financial resources, promoting successful examples of women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship training. Their most powerful weapons in business include: communication, intuition, adaptability.

scholarly journals WR A descriptive analysis of entrepreneurial female career success determinants on Saudi Arabia along entrepreneurial process

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 119-129
Author(s):  
Wided Ragmoun
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Matrix

In this research we aim to identify factors which can contribute to the development of female entrepreneurship. We enumerate these factors in order to stimulate this phenomenon due to its importance for economic development and social development. After identifying these determinants, we list each according to its relative importance and create a matrix, which shows their interdependence at each level of the development of the entrepreneurial process. A quantitative approach was adopted to identify and define these determinants. Our research focused on female entrepreneurial careers in Saudi Arabia. An entrepreneurial career is evaluated as successful if it establishes an entrepreneurial project, because our objective is to motivate women to adopt not only an entrepreneurial intention, but an actual entrepreneurial career. The questionnaire used here was administered to 103 women who had already started an entrepreneurial career. The results show that individual factors are important, but environment factors are more important, especially political factors. The most important contribution of this study is the matrix it defines, in which every determinant can be used differently based on the different steps in the entrepreneurial process. This can provide policy makers with a tool according to which they can detect the key factors of success.

scholarly journals Social determination of the appearance of economic ventures in the rural settlements of the Szeklerland

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-112
Author(s):  
Zsombor Csata
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Picture Show ◽  
Institutional Actors

The study draws a quantitative picture about the institutional actors of the private sphere of the economy in the three Szekler counties after the political transformations, it introduces the longitudinal trends of business foundations, and presents statistics related to the viability of economic corporations. Observing the map designed to illustrate the number of enterprises per one thousand inhabitants it could be concluded that the differences perceived in the intensity of entrepreneurial activity in the various communes cannot only be explained by the unequal distribution of resources, but specific structural differences of society must also be taken into consideration. Models created to provide a more accurate picture show that more intense entrepreneurial activity is likely to be found in settlements located in the center of the county, with a better infrastructure, higher reproduction indicators, and with a more significant, better qualified population capable of work

scholarly journals Impact of Resource Distribution and Availability on Primary Schools Pupil Learning Outcomes: Case Study of Chintheche Education Zone, Nkhata Bay, Malawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-260
Author(s):  
Mercy Khumbo Nyirenda
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Resource Distribution ◽  
Head Teachers ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Pupil Learning ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of resource distribution on learning outcomes on nine purposively selected primary schools in the Chintheche Education Zone (previously known as Chihame Zone 1), Nkhata Bay District. Criteria for eligibility were that a school should have administered primary school leaving examinations at least three (3) times and was easy to access by public transport. In addition to document analysis, the study collected data using a questionnaire administered to the head teachers of each school, the Primary Education Advisor (PEA), and District Education Manager (DEM). Descriptive statistical analysis was done to compare pupil performance between schools with optimal resource availability and those without. The study found that the distribution of resources in the Chintheche Education Zone is unequal even though the zone is under one Primary Education Advisor. Schools closest to the trading centre have more resources and perform better than schools located far away from the trading centre and lacking almost in everything. The findings suggest that the unequal distribution of resources affects selection of pupils to secondary schools. The study recommends that fair and equitable distribution of resources would go a long way to achieving equity in access to secondary education.

Ethnic Conflict and the Politics of Greed Rethinking Chimamanda Adichie's

Matatu ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Mdika Tembo
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Final Solution ◽  
Ethnic Nationalism ◽  
State Collapse ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Ethnic Stereotypes ◽  
Group Loyalty ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
The Impact

The African continent today is laced with some of the most intractable conflicts, most of them based on ethnic nationalism. More often than not, this has led to poor governance, unequal distribution of resources, state collapse, high attrition of human resources, economic decline, and inter-ethnic clashes. This essay seeks to examine Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's through the lens of ethnic conflict. It begins by tracing the history and manifestations of ethnic stereotypes and ethnic cleavage in African imaginaries. The essay then argues that group loyalty in Nigeria led to the creation of 'biafranization' or 'fear of the Igbo factor' in the Hausa–Fulani and the various other ethnic groups that sympathized with them; a fear that crystallized into a thirty-month state-sponsored bulwark campaign aimed at finding a 'final solution' to a 'problem population'. Finally, the essay contends that Adichie's anatomizes the impact of ethnic cleavage on the civilian Igbo population during the Nigeria–Biafra civil war. Adichie, I argue, participates in an ongoing re-invention of how Africans can extinguish the psychology of fear that they are endangered species when they live side by side with people who do not belong to their 'tribe'.

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