Open Source in Government

2011 ◽  
pp. 1171-1176
Author(s):  
David Berry

Open source software (OSS) is computer software that has its underlying source code made available under a licence. This can allow developers and users to adapt and improve it (Raymond, 2001). Computer software can be broadly split into two development models: • Proprietary, or closed software, owned by a company or individual. Copies of the binary are made public; the source code is not usually made public. • Open-source software (OSS), where the source code is released with the binary. Users and developers can be licenced to use and modify the code, and to distribute any improvements they make. Both OSS and proprietary approaches allow companies to make a profit. Companies developing proprietary software make money by developing software and then selling licences to use the software. For example, Microsoft receives a payment for every copy of Windows sold with a personal computer. OSS companies make their money by providing services, such as advising clients on the GPL licence. The licencee can either charge a fee for this service or work free of charge. In practice, software companies often develop both types of software. OSS is developed by an ongoing, iterative process where people share the ideas expressed in the source code. The aim is that a large community of developers and users can contribute to the development of the code, check it for errors and bugs, and make the improved version available to others. Project management software is used to allow developers to keep track of the various versions. There are two main types of open-source licences (although there are many variants and subtypes developed by other companies): • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Licence: This permits a licencee to “close” a version (by withholding the most recent modifications to the source code) and sell it as a proprietary product; • GNU General Public Licence (GNU, GPL, or GPL): Under this licence, licencees may not “close” versions. The licencee may modify, copy, and redistribute any derivative version, under the same GPL licence. The licencee can either charge a fee for this service or work free of charge. Free software first evolved during the 1970s but in the 1990s forked into two movements, namely free software and open source (Berry, 2004). Richard Stallman, an American software developer who believes that sharing source code and ideas is fundamental to freedom of speech, developed a free version of the widely used Unix operating system. The resulting GNU program was released under a specially created General Public Licence (GNU, GPL). This was designed to ensure that the source code would remain openly available to all. It was not intended to prevent commercial usage or distribution (Stallman, 2002). This approach was christened free software. In this context, free meant that anyone could modify the software. However, the term “free” was often misunderstood to mean no cost. Hence, during the 1990s, Eric Raymond and others proposed that open-source software was coined as a less contentious and more business-friendly term. This has become widely accepted within the software and business communities; however there are still arguments about the most appropriate term to use (Moody, 2002). The OSMs are usually organised into a network of individuals who work collaboratively on the Internet, developing major software projects that sometimes rival commercial software but are always committed to the production of quality alternatives to those produced by commercial companies (Raymond, 2001; Williams, 2002). Groups and individuals develop software to meet their own and others’ needs in a highly decentralised way, likened to a Bazaar (Raymond, 2001). These groups often make substantive value claims to support their projects and foster an ethic of community, collaboration, deliberation, and intellectual freedom. In addition, it is argued by Lessig (1999) that the FLOSS community can offer an inspiration in their commitment to transparency in their products and their ability to open up governmental regulation and control through free/libre and open source code.

Author(s):  
D. Berry

Open source software (OSS) is computer software that has its underlying source code made available under a licence. This can allow developers and users to adapt and improve it (Raymond, 2001). Computer software can be broadly split into two development models: • Proprietary, or closed software, owned by a company or individual. Copies of the binary are made public; the source code is not usually made public. • Open-source software (OSS), where the source code is released with the binary. Users and developers can be licenced to use and modify the code, and to distribute any improvements they make. Both OSS and proprietary approaches allow companies to make a profit. Companies developing proprietary software make money by developing software and then selling licences to use the software. For example, Microsoft receives a payment for every copy of Windows sold with a personal computer. OSS companies make their money by providing services, such as advising clients on the GPL licence. The licencee can either charge a fee for this service or work free of charge. In practice, software companies often develop both types of software. OSS is developed by an ongoing, iterative process where people share the ideas expressed in the source code. The aim is that a large community of developers and users can contribute to the development of the code, check it for errors and bugs, and make the improved version available to others. Project management software is used to allow developers to keep track of the various versions. There are two main types of open-source licences (although there are many variants and subtypes developed by other companies): • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Licence: This permits a licencee to “close” a version (by withholding the most recent modifications to the source code) and sell it as a proprietary product; • GNU General Public Licence (GNU, GPL, or GPL): Under this licence, licencees may not “close” versions. The licencee may modify, copy, and redistribute any derivative version, under the same GPL licence. The licencee can either charge a fee for this service or work free of charge. Free software first evolved during the 1970s but in the 1990s forked into two movements, namely free software and open source (Berry, 2004). Richard Stallman, an American software developer who believes that sharing source code and ideas is fundamental to freedom of speech, developed a free version of the widely used Unix operating system. The resulting GNU program was released under a specially created General Public Licence (GNU, GPL). This was designed to ensure that the source code would remain openly available to all. It was not intended to prevent commercial usage or distribution (Stallman, 2002). This approach was christened free software. In this context, free meant that anyone could modify the software. However, the term “free” was often misunderstood to mean no cost. Hence, during the 1990s, Eric Raymond and others proposed that open-source software was coined as a less contentious and more business-friendly term. This has become widely accepted within the software and business communities; however there are still arguments about the most appropriate term to use (Moody, 2002). The OSMs are usually organised into a network of individuals who work collaboratively on the Internet, developing major software projects that sometimes rival commercial software but are always committed to the production of quality alternatives to those produced by commercial companies (Raymond, 2001; Williams, 2002). Groups and individuals develop software to meet their own and others’ needs in a highly decentralised way, likened to a Bazaar (Raymond, 2001). These groups often make substantive value claims to support their projects and foster an ethic of community, collaboration, deliberation, and intellectual freedom. In addition, it is argued by Lessig (1999) that the FLOSS community can offer an inspiration in their commitment to transparency in their products and their ability to open up governmental regulation and control through free/libre and open source code.


Author(s):  
Shyamalendu Kandar ◽  
Sourav Mondal ◽  
Palash Ray

Open-source software abbreviated as OSS is computer software that is available with source code and is provided under a software license that permits users to study, change, and improve the software. For the commercial software the source code and certain other rights are normally reserved for copyright holders,i.e. the company who developes the software. A group of people in a collaborative manner often developes the Open source software, not under the roof of a large organization. This strategy makes open source software cheap, reliable and modifiable if needed. In this context we shall discuss mainly the features of Open Source Software, differences of open source and free software and open source software movement in Indian perspective.


2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dudi Anandya

Linux is an operating system that it's presence offer many "new concepts" to the market. It’s an open source software developed under GNU project using General Public License (GPL), that gives everyone freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change, and improve the software. The GNU Project was launched in 1984 to develop a complete Unix-like operating system which is free software: the GNU system. GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix”; it is pronounced “guh-NEW", In Other way we can say that Linux developed, manufactured, and distributed by it's own costumers. They joined together in the Linux communities and create a network among them. It has a unique lateral pattern of relationship. The Author named all of this as the “Linux Phenomenon". This articles will begin by explaining theories about network, and then discuss the and then discuss the Linux phenomenon. Later, the author will explore the Linux's "breakthrough" in networking, and the implication of "how to do business".


Author(s):  
Subodh Kesharwani

Open-source software (OSS) is computer software with its source code made accessible with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to cram, revolutionize, and assign the software to everyone and for any insistence. Open-source software may be time-honored in a collaborative community form. The Group who had initiated opensource software is an obvious example of open collaboration. Open-source software at present is expansively used both as self-governing applications and as components in non-open-source applications. Many independent software vendors (ISVs), value-added resellers (VARs), and hardware vendors (OEMs or ODMs) make use of open-source frameworks, modules, and libraries within their brand-named, for-profit products and services.


Author(s):  
Ambika Zutshi ◽  
Samar Zutshi ◽  
Amrik Sohal

The Internet has become an integral part of our everyday lives and it is often difficult to imagine how we ever functioned without it. This chapter presents experiences of two entrepreneurial companies, one of which has survived the ‘dot-com bubble burst.’ The chapter identifies current and future online business environments especially in light of open source software (OSS) being accepted globally. Unlike proprietary software (such as Windows), OSS comes with its internal implementation details (source code) visible both to its developers and users, along with the freedom to change and redistribute this source. The significant implications of this unique style of software distribution for e-entrepreneurs are examined.


2008 ◽  
pp. 2743-2763
Author(s):  
Ambika Zutshi ◽  
Samar Zutshi ◽  
Amrik Sohal

The Internet has become an integral part of our everyday lives and it is often difficult to imagine how we ever functioned without it. This chapter presents experiences of two entrepreneurial companies, one of which has survived the ‘dot-com bubble burst.’ The chapter identifies current and future online business environments especially in light of open source software (OSS) being accepted globally. Unlike proprietary software (such as Windows), OSS comes with its internal implementation details (source code) visible both to its developers and users, along with the freedom to change and redistribute this source. The significant implications of this unique style of software distribution for e-entrepreneurs are examined.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 58-69
Author(s):  
Madanjit Singh ◽  
Munish Saini ◽  
Manevpreet Kaur

This paper has statically investigated the source code of open source software (OSS) projects to uncover the presence of vulnerabilities in the code. The conducted research emphasizes that the presence of vulnerabilities has adverse effects on the overall software quality. The authors found the increasing trends in the vulnerabilities as the lines of code (LOC) increases during the software evolution. This signifies the fact that the addition of new features or change requests into the OSS project may cause an increase in vulnerability. Further, the relation between software vulnerabilities and popularity is also examined. This research does not find the existence of any relationship among software vulnerabilities and popularity. This research will provide significant implications to the developers and project managers to better understand the present state of the software.


2009 ◽  
pp. 2564-2583
Author(s):  
Ambika Zutshi ◽  
Samar Zutshi ◽  
Amrik Sohal

The Internet has become an integral part of our everyday lives and it is often difficult to imagine how we ever functioned without it. This chapter presents experiences of two entrepreneurial companies, one of which has survived the ‘dot-com bubble burst.’ The chapter identifies current and future online business environments especially in light of open source software (OSS) being accepted globally. Unlike proprietary software (such as Windows), OSS comes with its internal implementation details (source code) visible both to its developers and users, along with the freedom to change and redistribute this source. The significant implications of this unique style of software distribution for e-entrepreneurs are examined. Having a flexible strategic plan; possessing management skills; providing excellent service; and having patience are some of the recommendations provided by interviewed eentrepreneurs. When made part of the decisionmaking process, these recommendations would enhance current and future e-entrepreneurs in sustaining their business.


Information ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloisio Cairo ◽  
Glauco Carneiro ◽  
Miguel Monteiro

Context: Code smells are associated to poor design and programming style, which often degrades code quality and hampers code comprehensibility and maintainability. Goal: identify published studies that provide evidence of the influence of code smells on the occurrence of software bugs. Method: We conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to reach the stated goal. Results: The SLR selected studies from July 2007 to September 2017, which analyzed the source code of open source software projects and several code smells. Based on evidence of 16 studies covered in this SLR, we conclude that 24 code smells are more influential in the occurrence of bugs relative to the remaining smells analyzed. In contrast, three studies reported that at least 6 code smells are less influential in such occurrences. Evidence from the selected studies also point out tools, techniques, and procedures that should be applied to analyze the influence of the smells. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first SLR to target this goal. This study provides an up-to-date and structured understanding of the influence of code smells on the occurrence of software bugs based on findings systematically collected from a list of relevant references in the latest decade.


2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Mohammad Tahril Azis ◽  
M. Salman Suprawhardana ◽  
Teguh Pudji Purwanto

Terkait fungsinya sebagai pendingin utama reaktor RSG GA. Siwabessy, untuk menjamin suhu di dalam teras dan reflektor sesuai batas operasi yang diijinkan selama reaktor beroperasi. Komponen–komponen sistem pendingin primer yang terkait harus mengacu pada daya termal reaktor dan dapat meminimalkan kebolehjadian kegagalan (failure) pada komponen supaya dalam pengoperasiannya reaktor aman dan selamat. Pengembangan RCM (Relibility Centered Maintenance) berbasis web dengan perangkat lunak Free Open Source Software (FOSS) / GPL (General Public License), akan membantu sebagai sistem informasi pendukung perawatan yang bisa bekerja dalam jaringan intranet/internet. Free Open Source Software (FOSS) merupakan perangkat lunak yang dapat memberikan jaminan kepada penggunanya untuk melakukan pengembangan, sharing dan melakukan perubahan jika diperlukan, terutama pengguna merasa yakin bahwa software tersebut benar-benar legal dan bebas (free software). Metode RCM merekomendasikan sebanyak 52 jenis perawatan dari task selection untuk diterapkan pada sistem pendingin primer dengan rincian 35% time directed (18 task), 63% condition directed (33 task) dan 1% failure finding (1 task). Kata kunci: Reliability Centered Maintenance, Free Open Source Software, Sistem Pendingin Primer , Web based System


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