Facial Expression Recognition

2011 ◽  
pp. 255-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daijin Kim ◽  
Jaewon Sung
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Muscle Group ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Facial Action Coding System ◽  
Multiple Cultures ◽  
Expression Of Emotions ◽  
Objective Description

The facial expression has long been an interest for psychology, since Darwin published The expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (Darwin, C., 1899). Psychologists have studied to reveal the role and mechanism of the facial expression. One of the great discoveries of Darwin is that there exist prototypical facial expressions across multiple cultures on the earth, which provided the theoretical backgrounds for the vision researchers who tried to classify categories of the prototypical facial expressions from images. The representative 6 facial expressions are afraid, happy, sad, surprised, angry, and disgust (Mase, 1991; Yacoob and Davis, 1994). On the other hand, real facial expressions that we frequently meet in daily life consist of lots of distinct signals, which are subtly different. Further research on facial expressions required an object method to describe and measure the distinct activity of facial muscles. The facial action coding system (FACS), proposed by Hager and Ekman (1978), defines 46 distinct action units (AUs), each of which explains the activity of each distinct muscle or muscle group. The development of the objective description method also affected the vision researchers, who tried to detect the emergence of each AU (Tian et. al., 2001).

scholarly journals Facial Expression Recognition Using Fast Walidlet Hybrid Transform

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Author(s):  
Walid Mahmod ◽  
Jane Stephan ◽  
Anmar Razzak
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Facial Action Coding System ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Research ◽  
Multiwavelet Transform

Automatic analysis of facial expressions is rapidly becoming an area of intense interest in computer vision and artificial intelligence research communities. In this paper an approach is presented for facial expression recognition of the six basic prototype expressions (i.e., joy, surprise, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust) based on Facial Action Coding System (FACS). The approach is attempting to utilize a combination of different transforms (Walid let hybrid transform); they consist of Fast Fourier Transform; Radon transform and Multiwavelet transform for the feature extraction. Korhonen Self Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) then used for patterns clustering based on the features obtained from the hybrid transform above. The result shows that the method has very good accuracy in facial expression recognition. However, the proposed method has many promising features that make it interesting. The approach provides a new method of feature extraction in which overcome the problem of the illumination, faces that varies from one individual to another quite considerably due to different age, ethnicity, gender and cosmetic also it does not require a precise normalization and lighting equalization. An average clustering accuracy of 94.8% is achieved for six basic expressions, where different databases had been used for the test of the method.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN MUSCULI FACIALIS PADA EKSPRESI WAJAH DAN EMOSI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FACIAL ACTION CODING SYSTEM PADA CALON PRESIDEN JOKOWI

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Friska G. Batoteng ◽  
Taufiq F. Pasiak ◽  
Shane H. R. Ticoalu
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Coding System ◽  
Facial Action Coding System ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Facial Action ◽  
Facial Muscles ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Action Coding

Abstract: Facial expression recognition is one way to recognize emotions which has not received much attention. Muscles that form facial expressions known as musculli facial, muscles that move the face and form human facial expressions: happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted and surprised which are the six basic expressions of human emotion. Human facial expressions can be measured using FACS (Facial Action Coding System). This study aims to determine the facial muscles which most frequently used and most rarely used, and determine the emotion expression of Jokowi, a presidential candidate, through assessment of the facial muscles using FACS. This study is a retrospective descriptive study. The research samples are the whole photo of Jokowi’s facial expression at first presidential debate in 2014, about 30 photos. Samples were taken from a video debate and confirmed to be a photo using Jokowi’s facial expressions which then further analyzed using FACS. The research showed that the most used action units and facial muscle is AU 1 whose work on frontal muscle pars medialis (14.75%). The least appear muscles on Jokowi’s facial expressions were musculus orbicularis oculi, pars palpebralis and AU 24 musculus obicularis oris (0.82%). The dominant facial expressions was seen in Jokowi was sad facial expression (36.67%).Keywords: musculi facialis, facial expression, expression of emotion, FACSAbstrak: Pengenalan ekspresi wajah adalah salah satu cara untuk mengenali emosi yang belum banyak diperhatikan. Otot-otot yang membentuk ekspresi wajah yaitu musculli facialis yang merupakan otot-otot penggerak wajah dan membentuk ekspresi – ekspresi wajah manusia yaitu bahagia, sedih, marah, takut, jijik dan terkejut yang merupakan 6 dasar ekspresi emosi manusia. Ekspresi wajah manusia dapat diukur dengan menggunakan parameter FACS (Facial Action Coding System). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui musculi facialis yang paling sering digunakan dan yang paling jarang digunakan, serta untuk menentukan ekspresi emosi calon presiden Jokowi. Desain penelitian ini yaitu penelitian deskriptif dengan retrospektif. Sampel penelitian ialah seluruh foto ekspresi wajah Jokowi saat debat calon presiden pertama tahun 2014 sebanyak 30 foto. Sampel diambil dari video debat dan dikonfirmasi menjadi foto kemudian dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan FACS. Penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa Musculi yang paling banyak digerakkan, yaitu Musculi frontalis pars medialis (14,75%). Musculi yang paling sedikit muncul pada ekspresi wajah Jokowi yaitu musculus orbicularis oculi, pars palpebralis dan musculus obicularis oris (0,82%). Ekspresi wajah yang dominan dinampakkan oleh Jokowi merupakan ekspresi wajah sedih (36,67%).Kata kunci: musculi facialis, ekspresi wajah, ekspresi emosi, FACS

scholarly journals Facial Expression Recognition Based on Multi-Features Cooperative Deep Convolutional Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1428
Author(s):  
Haopeng Wu ◽  
Zhiying Lu ◽  
Jianfeng Zhang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Mingyue Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Convolutional Network ◽  
Facial Movements ◽  
The Face ◽  
Deep Convolutional Network ◽  
Selection Of

This paper addresses the problem of Facial Expression Recognition (FER), focusing on unobvious facial movements. Traditional methods often cause overfitting problems or incomplete information due to insufficient data and manual selection of features. Instead, our proposed network, which is called the Multi-features Cooperative Deep Convolutional Network (MC-DCN), maintains focus on the overall feature of the face and the trend of key parts. The processing of video data is the first stage. The method of ensemble of regression trees (ERT) is used to obtain the overall contour of the face. Then, the attention model is used to pick up the parts of face that are more susceptible to expressions. Under the combined effect of these two methods, the image which can be called a local feature map is obtained. After that, the video data are sent to MC-DCN, containing parallel sub-networks. While the overall spatiotemporal characteristics of facial expressions are obtained through the sequence of images, the selection of keys parts can better learn the changes in facial expressions brought about by subtle facial movements. By combining local features and global features, the proposed method can acquire more information, leading to better performance. The experimental results show that MC-DCN can achieve recognition rates of 95%, 78.6% and 78.3% on the three datasets SAVEE, MMI, and edited GEMEP, respectively.

scholarly journals Hybrid Attention Cascade Network for Facial Expression Recognition

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoliang Zhu ◽  
Shihao Ye ◽  
Liang Zhao ◽  
Zhicheng Dai
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Face Images ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
The Face ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Fusion Features

As a sub-challenge of EmotiW (the Emotion Recognition in the Wild challenge), how to improve performance on the AFEW (Acted Facial Expressions in the wild) dataset is a popular benchmark for emotion recognition tasks with various constraints, including uneven illumination, head deflection, and facial posture. In this paper, we propose a convenient facial expression recognition cascade network comprising spatial feature extraction, hybrid attention, and temporal feature extraction. First, in a video sequence, faces in each frame are detected, and the corresponding face ROI (range of interest) is extracted to obtain the face images. Then, the face images in each frame are aligned based on the position information of the facial feature points in the images. Second, the aligned face images are input to the residual neural network to extract the spatial features of facial expressions corresponding to the face images. The spatial features are input to the hybrid attention module to obtain the fusion features of facial expressions. Finally, the fusion features are input in the gate control loop unit to extract the temporal features of facial expressions. The temporal features are input to the fully connected layer to classify and recognize facial expressions. Experiments using the CK+ (the extended Cohn Kanade), Oulu-CASIA (Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and AFEW datasets obtained recognition accuracy rates of 98.46%, 87.31%, and 53.44%, respectively. This demonstrated that the proposed method achieves not only competitive performance comparable to state-of-the-art methods but also greater than 2% performance improvement on the AFEW dataset, proving the significant outperformance of facial expression recognition in the natural environment.

scholarly journals Facial Expression Recognition of Instructor Using Deep Features and Extreme Learning Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Yusra Khalid Bhatti ◽  
Afshan Jamil ◽  
Nudrat Nida ◽  
Muhammad Haroon Yousaf ◽  
Serestina Viriri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Extreme Learning Machine ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Classroom Environment ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Parameter Tuning ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Fast Learning ◽  
Learning Machine ◽  
The Impact

Classroom communication involves teacher’s behavior and student’s responses. Extensive research has been done on the analysis of student’s facial expressions, but the impact of instructor’s facial expressions is yet an unexplored area of research. Facial expression recognition has the potential to predict the impact of teacher’s emotions in a classroom environment. Intelligent assessment of instructor behavior during lecture delivery not only might improve the learning environment but also could save time and resources utilized in manual assessment strategies. To address the issue of manual assessment, we propose an instructor’s facial expression recognition approach within a classroom using a feedforward learning model. First, the face is detected from the acquired lecture videos and key frames are selected, discarding all the redundant frames for effective high-level feature extraction. Then, deep features are extracted using multiple convolution neural networks along with parameter tuning which are then fed to a classifier. For fast learning and good generalization of the algorithm, a regularized extreme learning machine (RELM) classifier is employed which classifies five different expressions of the instructor within the classroom. Experiments are conducted on a newly created instructor’s facial expression dataset in classroom environments plus three benchmark facial datasets, i.e., Cohn–Kanade, the Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) dataset, and the Facial Expression Recognition 2013 (FER2013) dataset. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with state-of-the-art techniques, traditional classifiers, and convolutional neural models. Experimentation results indicate significant performance gain on parameters such as accuracy, F1-score, and recall.

scholarly journals A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF METHODS OF EMOTION RECOGNITION BY FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1141-1152
Author(s):  
Muazu Abdulwakil Auma ◽  
Eric Manzi ◽  
Jibril Aminu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Research Results

Facial recognition is integral and essential in todays society, and the recognition of emotions based on facial expressions is already becoming more usual. This paper analytically provides an overview of the databases of video data of facial expressions and several approaches to recognizing emotions by facial expressions by including the three main image analysis stages, which are pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. The paper presents approaches based on deep learning using deep neural networks and traditional means to recognizing human emotions based on visual facial features. The current results of some existing algorithms are presented. When reviewing scientific and technical literature, the focus was mainly on sources containing theoretical and research information of the methods under consideration and comparing traditional techniques and methods based on deep neural networks supported by experimental research. An analysis of scientific and technical literature describing methods and algorithms for analyzing and recognizing facial expressions and world scientific research results has shown that traditional methods of classifying facial expressions are inferior in speed and accuracy to artificial neural networks. This reviews main contributions provide a general understanding of modern approaches to facial expression recognition, which will allow new researchers to understand the main components and trends in facial expression recognition. A comparison of world scientific research results has shown that the combination of traditional approaches and approaches based on deep neural networks show better classification accuracy. However, the best classification methods are artificial neural networks.

scholarly journals Improving Human–Robot Interaction by Enhancing NAO Robot Awareness of Human Facial Expression

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6438
Author(s):  
Chiara Filippini ◽  
David Perpetuini ◽  
Daniela Cardone ◽  
Arcangelo Merla
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Affective Computing ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Interaction Field ◽  
Nao Robot

An intriguing challenge in the human–robot interaction field is the prospect of endowing robots with emotional intelligence to make the interaction more genuine, intuitive, and natural. A crucial aspect in achieving this goal is the robot’s capability to infer and interpret human emotions. Thanks to its design and open programming platform, the NAO humanoid robot is one of the most widely used agents for human interaction. As with person-to-person communication, facial expressions are the privileged channel for recognizing the interlocutor’s emotional expressions. Although NAO is equipped with a facial expression recognition module, specific use cases may require additional features and affective computing capabilities that are not currently available. This study proposes a highly accurate convolutional-neural-network-based facial expression recognition model that is able to further enhance the NAO robot’ awareness of human facial expressions and provide the robot with an interlocutor’s arousal level detection capability. Indeed, the model tested during human–robot interactions was 91% and 90% accurate in recognizing happy and sad facial expressions, respectively; 75% accurate in recognizing surprised and scared expressions; and less accurate in recognizing neutral and angry expressions. Finally, the model was successfully integrated into the NAO SDK, thus allowing for high-performing facial expression classification with an inference time of 0.34 ± 0.04 s.

Automatic Facial Expression Recognition by Facial Parts Location with Boosted-LBP

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
Yi Ji ◽  
Khalid Idrissi
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Video Sequences ◽  
Polynomial Kernel ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Small Set

This paper proposes an automatic facial expression recognition system, which uses new methods in both face detection and feature extraction. In this system, considering that facial expressions are related to a small set of muscles and limited ranges of motions, the facial expressions are recognized by these changes in video sequences. First, the differences between neutral and emotional states are detected. Faces can be automatically located from changing facial organs. Then, LBP features are applied and AdaBoost is used to find the most important features for each expression on essential facial parts. At last, SVM with polynomial kernel is used to classify expressions. The method is evaluated on JAFFE and MMI databases. The performances are better than other automatic or manual annotated systems.

Unsupervised Emotional Scene Detection from Lifelog Videos Using Cluster Ensembles

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Nomiya ◽  
Atsushi Morikuni ◽  
Teruhisa Hochin
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Facial Expression Recognition ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Video Retrieval ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Scene Detection ◽  
Cluster Ensembles ◽  
Emotional Scenes

An emotional scene detection method is proposed in order to retrieve impressive scenes from lifelog videos. The proposed method is based on facial expression recognition considering that a wide variety of facial expression could be observed in impressive scenes. Conventional facial expression techniques, which focus on discriminating typical facial expressions, will be inadequate for lifelog video retrieval because of the diversity of facial expressions. The authors thus propose a more flexible and efficient emotional scene detection method using an unsupervised facial expression recognition based on cluster ensembles. The authors' approach does not need to predefine facial expressions and is able to detect emotional scenes containing a wide variety of facial expressions. The detection performance of the proposed method is evaluated through some emotional scene detection experiments.

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