Improving the Sustainability of Road Freight Transport by Relaxing Truck Size and Weight Restrictions

2012 ◽  
pp. 185-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weight Restrictions ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Road Freight ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Truck Size And Weight ◽  
Intense Debate

Increasing legal limits on the size and weight of trucks allows companies to achieve a higher degree of load consolidation. This reduces the total number of vehicle-kilometres required to distribute a given quantity of goods, saving money and reducing environmental impacts. Proposals to legalise longer and heavier vehicles, (LHVs) have, nevertheless, generated intense debate, particularly in Europe where they are strongly resisted by railway and environmental organisations. This chapter reviews recent studies on this subject, presents an analytical framework and focuses on three critical issues: the extent to which loads can be consolidated in LHVs, their effect on the freight modal split and the possibility that the resulting reduction in road freight costs will stimulate additional traffic growth. Most of the recent studies support the development of LHVs, particularly those based on actual experience of their use in countries such as Australia, Sweden and the United States.

Improving the Sustainability of Road Freight Transport by Relaxing Truck Size and Weight Restrictions

2013 ◽  
pp. 1265-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weight Restrictions ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Road Freight ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Truck Size And Weight ◽  
Intense Debate

Increasing legal limits on the size and weight of trucks allows companies to achieve a higher degree of load consolidation. This reduces the total number of vehicle-kilometres required to distribute a given quantity of goods, saving money and reducing environmental impacts. Proposals to legalise longer and heavier vehicles, (LHVs) have, nevertheless, generated intense debate, particularly in Europe where they are strongly resisted by railway and environmental organisations. This chapter reviews recent studies on this subject, presents an analytical framework and focuses on three critical issues: the extent to which loads can be consolidated in LHVs, their effect on the freight modal split and the possibility that the resulting reduction in road freight costs will stimulate additional traffic growth. Most of the recent studies support the development of LHVs, particularly those based on actual experience of their use in countries such as Australia, Sweden and the United States.

scholarly journals Subnational mobility and consumption-based environmental accounting of US corn in animal protein and ethanol supply chains

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (38) ◽  
pp. E7891-E7899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Smith ◽  
Andrew L. Goodkind ◽  
Taegon Kim ◽  
Rylie E. O. Pelton ◽  
Kyo Suh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Food System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Accounting ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Supply Networks

Corn production, and its associated inputs, is a relatively large source of greenhouse gas emissions and uses significant amounts of water and land, thus contributing to climate change, fossil fuel depletion, local air pollutants, and local water scarcity. As large consumers of this corn, corporations in the ethanol and animal protein industries are increasingly assessing and reporting sustainability impacts across their supply chains to identify, prioritize, and communicate sustainability risks and opportunities material to their operations. In doing so, many have discovered that the direct impacts of their owned operations are dwarfed by those upstream in the supply chain, requiring transparency and knowledge about environmental impacts along the supply chains. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) have been used to identify hotspots of environmental impacts at national levels, yet these provide little subnational information necessary for guiding firms’ specific supply networks. In this paper, our Food System Supply-Chain Sustainability (FoodS3) model connects spatial, firm-specific demand of corn purchasers with upstream corn production in the United States through a cost minimization transport model. This provides a means to link county-level corn production in the United States to firm-specific demand locations associated with downstream processing facilities. Our model substantially improves current LCA assessment efforts that are confined to broad national or state level impacts. In drilling down to subnational levels of environmental impacts that occur over heterogeneous areas and aggregating these landscape impacts by specific supply networks, targeted opportunities for improvements to the sustainability performance of supply chains are identified.

Parallels between Talmudic and New York Usury Laws

1966 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J. Meislin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jewish Law ◽  
Special Situation ◽  
Judicial Decisions ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Communist Countries

The two jurisdictions with the greatest volume and complexity of laws dealing with usury are the United States and Israel. England, the wellspring of our common law, and one of present-day Israel's legal fonts, did away with all regulation of interest over a century ago. All of continental Europe contains only two or three jurisdictions which apply legal limits to interest on loans. The communist countries present a special situation since private loans at interest have no official place in the economic system. Islamic countries, like Pakistan, constitutionally frown on interest but it is present in practice, thereby embarrassing the secular authorities. However, the extent of legal experience with loans at interest in all other jurisdictions combined does not rival that wealth of elaborate study which is to be found in judicial decisions and legislative documents in American and Jewish law. It is, therefore, of interest to examine from a comparative standpoint the approach to usury taken by United States' courts and by Jewish legal authorities to see in which respects they differ and are similar.

Food Versus Biomass Fuel: Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts in the United States, Brazil, India, and Kenya

1988 ◽  
pp. 185-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Pimentel ◽  
Alan F. Warneke ◽  
Wayne S. Teel ◽  
Kimberly A. Schwab ◽  
Nancy J. Simcox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biomass Fuel

Genetically Modified Crops

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-133
Author(s):  
Alasdair R. Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Member State ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Decision Rule ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Governments ◽  
The Eu

This chapter presents the EU’s responses with respect to three closely related policies: the approval of genetically modified (GM) crops for sale and (separately) for cultivation and efforts to lift member state bans on EU-approved GM varieties. These most similar cases differ in outcome; with the EU resuming approvals for sale (a change sufficient to placate Argentina and Canada, but not the United States), but not for cultivation and failing to address member state bans despite very permissive decision rules. In these cases, no tariffs were threatened and there was no exporter mobilization. Commission trade officials did push to accelerate approvals. The Commission, which was more favorably disposed toward biotechnology than most of the member states, was able, with the help of very a permissive decision rule, to overcome opposition to approvals for sale, but not for cultivation, reflecting greater concern among regulators about the environmental impacts of GM cultivation than about the safety of GM varieties. The member state governments also balked at forcing their peers to change their policies. There is little evidence that the WTO’s adverse ruling affected any of the protagonists’ preferences.

Interactions with Asians in Higher Education: Beyond Multicultural Myths

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Festus E. Obiakor
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Model Minorities ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Education Today

AbstractOne of the critical issues in education today is how to help all students to maximize their fullest potential. Achieving this goal seems to be difficult for many people who come from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. At all levels, they endure direct and indirect disenfranchisements, disadvantages, and disillusionments, especially if they learn differently, are racially different, demonstrate different behavioral patterns, have different personal idiosyncrasies, or come from different countries. Despite these apparent impediments, Asians are viewed by many as “model” minorities when compared to African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans. This view has continued to affect how Asians view themselves and how the society as a whole views them. Coming originally from Nigeria to the United States, I have had myriad interactions with Asians as student, professor, scholar, leader, and professional. In this article, I share my experiences with Asians and how these experiences have exposed multicultural realities and myths.

scholarly journals International Policy Frameworks for Consent in Minimal-risk Pragmatic Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya J. Symons ◽  
Nikolajs Zeps ◽  
Paul S. Myles ◽  
Jonathan M. Morris ◽  
Daniel I. Sessler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Pragmatic Trials ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Loss Of Autonomy ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
Internal And External Validity ◽  
Intense Debate

Abstract There is intense debate around the use of altered and waived consent for pragmatic trials. Those in favor argue that traditional consent compromises the internal and external validity of these trials. Those against, warn that the resultant loss of autonomy compromises respect for persons and could undermine trust in the research enterprise. This article examines whether international ethical guidelines and the policy frameworks in three countries—the United States, England, and Australia—permit altered and waived consent for minimal-risk pragmatic trials conducted outside the emergency setting. Provisions for both are clearly articulated in U.S. regulations, but many countries do not have equivalent frameworks. Investigators should not assume that all consent models permitted in the United States are legal in their jurisdictions, even if they are deemed ethically defensible. The authors summarize ethical and regulatory considerations and present a framework for investigators contemplating trials with altered or waived consent.

Deciphering the true life cycle environmental impacts and costs of the mega-scale shale gas-to-olefins projects in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang He ◽  
Fengqi You
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Environmental Models ◽  
The U.S

Using detailed techno-economic-environmental models, we investigate the environmental impacts and production costs of the mega-scale shale gas-to-olefins projects in the U.S.

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