Migration and Socio-Economic Polarisation within British City Regions

2010 ◽  
pp. 196-211
Author(s):  
Tony Champion ◽  
Mike Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
City Region ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Social Scale ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Residential Movement

In recent years, census-based and other studies have documented a widening gap between better-off and more deprived residential areas in Britain. While much of this will have come about in situ, through increasing disparities in household wealth and incomes across the social scale, migration may also be contributing. The decennial population census is the only source that can provide robust statistical data on the social composition of residential movement between sub-regional and local areas. This chapter uses the 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics to examine whether migration is increasing the degree of socio-spatial polarisation within Britain’s larger city regions. Following an introduction to the study approach and the intricacies of the census data on migration, the results of data analysis are presented in three sections. The first looks at the social composition of the migration exchanges taking place between the 27 cities and the rest of their city regions, testing to see whether the cities’ migration balances are less favourable for people of higher occupational status. This identifies three types of city region, based on whether there is a positive, negative or no strong relationship between migration and socio-economic status. An example of each of these types of city region – London, Birmingham and Bristol respectively – is selected for a more detailed examination of the patterns of movement between their constituent residential zones. For these three cases, the second set of analyses compares the migration performance of each of the residential zones with its existing social status in order to see whether or not these within-city-region movements are reinforcing the existing socio-economic patterns. The third set of results seeks a better understanding of the dynamics of the migration through examining the residential movements between all pairings of the zones in each of the three city regions and identifying how consistently the balance of these migration exchanges favours the better-off of the two zones.

Relocating queer: Comparing suburban LGBTQ2S activisms on Vancouver’s periphery

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802093128
Author(s):  
Alison L Bain ◽  
Julie A Podmore
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
City Region ◽  
Sexual Diversity ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
Political Opportunity Structures ◽  
Activist Groups

Scholarly understandings of LGBTQ2S activist geographies are largely informed by a metronormative analytical lens that inadequately captures the shifting landscapes of sexual diversity in Canadian city-regions. The gap between the available services in peripheral municipalities and the rising demand from their growing LGBTQ2S populations has mobilised fractured groups of activists to lobby for policy, programming and service changes. This paper examines sexual politics in suburban civil society, focusing on the grassroots organising of not-for-profit activist groups as they interact with local government outside of the electoral process. It compares LGBTQ2S activist practices in two neighbouring, although differently sized and demographically divergent, peripheral municipalities in the Vancouver city-region: Surrey and New Westminster. A comparative case study approach reveals how LGBTQ2S activists work through variations in suburban political opportunity structures, resource landscapes and inter-organisational relations resulting in differential practices of mobilisation and collective action. In contrast with an urban legacy of insurgent practices of LGBTQ2S resistance, suburban LGBTQ2S activisms primarily centre on enactments of local resourcefulness, community resilience and institutional reworking within more dispersed resource landscapes.

“Some of My Best Friends Are …”: Interracial Friendships, Class, and Segregation in America†

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier De Souza Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
City Regions ◽  
Phone Survey ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interracial Friendships ◽  
Exposure Patterns ◽  
Intergroup Conflicts

Ties among persons of different backgrounds, when such ties act as social bridges, play a vital role in diverse societies—expanding identities, opening insular communities of interest, containing intergroup conflicts, and reducing inequalities. Using a phone survey of 29 city–regions matched with census data, this study analyzes predictors of interracial friendships for Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics, with single– and multilevel path models. Results underscore the social significance of the workplace and of civic involvement. Those who report ties to other races tend to be “joiners,” in the broad sense: Involvement in nonreligious groups, socializing with coworkers, and having more friends are robust predictors for all racial groups. These are strongly associated with each other and with higher socioeconomic status, highlighting a powerful class dimension to accessing intergroup ties. But macro–level opportunity for contact (metro–level racial makeup) dominates the variation in friendship exposure patterns for Whites, whereas associations and other “substructures” are more predictive for minorities. Consistent with immigrant assimilation theory, among minorities, sharing neighborhoods with Whites remains an important—and apparently unique—social marker for the personal relationships of Blacks.

scholarly journals Da metrópole à cidade-região: na direção de um novo arranjo espacial metropolitano?

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Nunes Coelho Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Spatial Process ◽  
City Region ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Industrial City ◽  
Time Compression ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar a configuração da cidade-região – enquanto um ente geográfico em processo de fortalecimento – e os processos socioespaciais diversos que a compõem. A cidade-região é entendida como a área metropolitana mais concisa somada de seu entorno imediato, incluindo uma série de centralidades de pequeno e médio porte no alcance dos processos de metropolização. A urbanização extensiva é um processo socioespacial chave por trás da formação da cidade-região, que também se relaciona à compressão espaço-temporal presente de forma heterogênea nestas regiões urbanizadas. Privilegia-se uma perspectiva teórica acerca do tema, propondo uma morfologia da cidade-região, visando esclarecer sua relação com os processos econômico-espaciais contemporâneos (sobretudo no que diz respeito à restruturação produtiva). Dois elementos territoriais principais compõem esta extensão do tecido urbano para além das áreas metropolitanas: a exopolis e a cidade industrial pós-fordista. O regionalismo competitivo se manifesta neste contexto como uma prática hegemônica de planejamento, tanto na escala regional quanto na escala das diversas localidades inseridas neste processo.Palavras-chave: cidade-região; pós-fordismo; expansão metropolitana; urbanização extensiva; condições gerais de produção Abstract: This article summarizes a theoretical discussion on the formation of the city-region (as a privileged spatial scale) and the social spatial processes behind it. The city-region is here understood as the more concise metropolitan area added to its immediate hinterland, included as an outer ring in the reach of contemporary metropolization processes. The concept of extended urbanization is a key social spatial process behind the formation of city-regions, which also relates to the space-time compression which manifests itself heterogeneously across these urbanized regions. Two major territorial elements are at the forefront of the production of space in these areas: the exopolis and the post-fordist industrial city – and both these elements need a certain level of physical proximity to the metropolitan core. This new spatial fix inserts itself in the contemporary race towards territorial entrepreneurialism, in two major trends: a competitive regionalism, which involves city-regions competing with one another in the global scale; and with places inside these areas also inserting themselves in the strategic planning framework. Keywords: city-region; post-fordism; metropolitan expansion; extended urbanization; general conditions of production.

scholarly journals The potential impact of co-residence structures on socio-demographic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality

Genus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Giorgi ◽  
Diederik Boertien
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
The Social ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, confinement measures were adopted across the world to limit the spread of the virus. In France, these measures were applied between March 17 and May 10. Using high-quality population census data and focusing on co-residence structures on French territory, this article analyzes how co-residence patterns unevenly put different socio-demographic groups at risk of being infected and dying from COVID-19. The research ambition is to quantify the possible impact of co-residence structures heterogeneity on socio-economic inequalities in mortality stemming from within-household transmission of the virus. Using a simulation approach, the article highlights the existence of theoretical pronounced inequalities of vulnerability to COVID-19 related to cohabitation structures as well as a reversal of the social gradient of vulnerability when the age of the infected person increases. Among young age categories, infection is simulated to lead to more deaths in the less educated or foreign-born populations. Among the older ones, the inverse holds with infections having a greater potential to provoke deaths through the transmission of the virus within households headed by a highly educated or a native-born person. Demographic patterns such as the cohabitation of multiple generations and the survival of both partners of a couple help to explain these results. Even though inter-generational co-residence and large households are more common among the lower educated and foreign born in general, the higher educated are more likely to still live with their partner at higher ages.

The implications of self-build for the social and spatial shape of city-regions: exemplifying the cases of São Paulo and Amsterdam

2020 ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Camila D’Ottaviano ◽  
Stan Majoor ◽  
Suzana Pasternak ◽  
Willem Salet
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
City Region ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatial Shape ◽  
Urban And Regional Development ◽  
The City

This chapter explores how the different arrangements of low- and middle-income housing at the micro-level relate to processes of city building at the level of the city-region. We study how the social and economic contestation on the uses of urban land translate into new spatial patterns of urban and regional development. This is concretely done through a comparative case study of a Brazilian and an European city-region. This comparative perspective will sensitize the empirical investigation to the effect of the (changes of) institutional context and regimes on housing arrangements and spatial patterns of city building. A specific focus will be on self-building arrangements as practices that challenge existing formal systems of city building in both cases.

scholarly journals The potential impact of co-residence structures on socio-demographic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Giorgi ◽  
Diederik Boertien
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
The Social ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Demographic Patterns ◽  
Inequalities In Mortality

During the COVID-19 pandemic, confinement measures were adopted across the world to limitthe spread of the virus. In France, these measures were applied between March 17 and May 10. Usinghigh-quality population census data and focusing on co-residence structures on French territory, thisarticle analyses how co-residence patterns unevenly put different socio-demographic groups at risk ofbeing infected and dying from COVID-19. The research ambition is to quantify the possible impactof co-residence structures heterogeneity on socioeconomic inequalities in mortality stemming fromwithin-household transmission of the virus. Using a simulation approach, the article highlights theexistence of theoretical pronounced inequalities of vulnerability to COVID-19 related to cohabitationstructures as well as a reversal of the social gradient of vulnerability when the age of the infectedperson increases. Among young age categories, infection is simulated to lead to more deaths in theless educated or foreign-born populations. Among the older ones, the inverse holds with infectionshaving a greater potential to provoke deaths through the transmission of the virus within householdsheaded by a highly educated or a native-born person. Demographic patterns such as the cohabitationof multiple generations and the survival of both partners of a couple help to explain these results.Even though inter-generational co-residence and large households are more common among the lowereducated and foreign born in general, the higher educated are more likely to still live with theirpartner at higher ages.

City-region governance in transitional contexts: the case of the BRICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Philip Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
City Region ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Abstract The bulk of the scholarly literature on city-regions and their governance is drawn from contexts where economic and political systems have been stable over an extended period. However, many parts of the world, including all countries in the BRICS, have experienced far-reaching national transformations in the recent past in economic and/or political systems. The national transitions are complex, with a mix of continuity and rupture, while their translation into the scale of the city-region is often indirect. But, these transitions have been significant for the city-region, providing a period of opportunity and institutional fluidity. Studies of the BRICS show that outcomes of transitions are varied but that there are junctures of productive comparison including the ways in which the nature of the transitions create new path dependencies, and way in which interests across territorial scales soon consolidate, producing new rigidities in city-region governance.

Victor S. D'Souza. Development Planning and Structural Inequalities: The Response of the Underprivileged. New Delhi: Sage Publications 1990. Pages 206 + Index. Price: Rs 180 (Hardbound).

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-317
Author(s):  
Ziaul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
The Social

Deveiopment planning in India, as in other developing countries, has generally been aimed at fostering an industrially-oriented policy as the engine of economic growth. This one-sided economic development, which results in capital formation, creation of urban elites, and underprivileged social classes of a modern society, has led to distortions in the social structure as a whole. On the contrary, as a result of this uneven economic development, which is narrowly measured in terms of economic growth and capital formation, the fruits of development have gone to the people according to their economic power and position in the social structure: those occupying higher positions benefiting much more than those occupying the lower ones. Thus, development planning has tended to increase inequalities and has sharpened divisive tendencies. Victor S. D'Souza, an eminent Indian sociologist, utilizing the Indian census data of 1961, 1971, and 1981, examines the problem of structural inequality with particular reference to the Indian Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - the two most underprivileged sections of the present Indian society which, according to the census of 1981, comprised 15.75 percent and 7.76 percent of India's population respectively. Theoretically, he takes the concept of development in a broad sense as related to the self-fulfIlment of the individual. The transformation of the unjust social structure, the levelling down of glaring economic and social inequalities, and the concern for the development of the underprivileged are for the author the basic elements of a planned development. This is the theoretical perspective of the first chapter, "Development Planning and Social Transformation".

Pay, Promotion, and Democratization

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Seligmann
Keyword(s):  
Officer Corps ◽  
Social Reformer ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Naval Officers ◽  
Lower Deck

As soon as he was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty in 1911, Winston Churchill sought to buttress his credentials as a social reformer by improving conditions for sailors in the Navy and widening the social composition of the officer corps. This chapter examines his efforts towards both of these ends. It shows how he fought against the Treasury and his Cabinet colleagues to offer sailors their first meaningful pay rise in decades. It similarly catalogues the many schemes he introduced to entice people from a wider range of backgrounds, including sailors from the lower deck, to become naval officers. As with enhanced naval pay, this required him to persevere against entrenched interests, but as this chapter will show, his achievements in this area were considerable.

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