Social Class and Consumer Behaviour in Sub-Saharan Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-168
Author(s):  
Ayodele Oniku
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Western Religion ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
White Settlers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
African Institution

The development around social class evolvement in sub-Saharan African market dated back to pre-colonial era when traditional African institution operated on the basis of royalty, land ownership, subjugation of weak tribe and superiority of strong and powerful tribes. The advent of slavery and migration of white settlers and traders (slaves and goods) further entrenched social class structure in the system. The advent of colonial rule greatly impacted social class system whereby new strata were created based on the new administrative system that colonial system introduced into sub-Saharan Africa. Largely, acquisition of formal education, salary and wage-collection jobs, business opportunities, western religion, clothing styles and new roles to the traditional chiefs opened doors for new social class strata. Social class has witnessed development and improvement that has further improved marketing system and consumer understanding in the society through design of products and services for the market.

Social Class and Consumer Behaviour in Sub-Saharan Africa

2016 ◽  
pp. 361-382
Author(s):  
Ayodele Oniku
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Western Religion ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
White Settlers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
African Institution

The development around social class evolvement in sub-Saharan African market dated back to pre-colonial era when traditional African institution operated on the basis of royalty, land ownership, subjugation of weak tribe and superiority of strong and powerful tribes. The advent of slavery and migration of white settlers and traders (slaves and goods) further entrenched social class structure in the system. The advent of colonial rule greatly impacted social class system whereby new strata were created based on the new administrative system that colonial system introduced into sub-Saharan Africa. Largely, acquisition of formal education, salary and wage-collection jobs, business opportunities, western religion, clothing styles and new roles to the traditional chiefs opened doors for new social class strata. Social class has witnessed development and improvement that has further improved marketing system and consumer understanding in the society through design of products and services for the market.

Social Class and Consumer Behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-217
Author(s):  
Ayodele Oniku
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Western Religion ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
White Settlers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
African Institution

The development around social class evolvement in sub-Saharan African market dated back to pre-colonial era when traditional African institution operated on the basis of royalty, land ownership, subjugation of weak tribe, and superiority of strong and powerful tribes. The advent of slavery and migration of white settlers and traders (slaves and goods) further entrenched social class structure in the system. The advent of colonial rule greatly impacted social class system whereby new strata were created based on the new administrative system that colonial system introduced into sub-Saharan Africa. Largely, acquisition of formal education, salary and wage-collection jobs, business opportunities, Western religion, clothing styles, and new roles to the traditional chiefs opened doors for new social class strata. Social class has witnessed development and improvement that has further improved marketing system and consumer understanding in the society through design of products and services for the market.

Characteristics Associated With Migration Among Older Women and Men in Rural Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Kendall ◽  
Philip Anglewicz
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Migration

The older population in sub-Saharan Africa is growing rapidly, but little is known about the migration patterns of older individuals in this setting. In this article, we identify the determinants of migration for older individuals in a rural African setting. To do so, we use rare longitudinal data with information for older individuals both before and after migration. We first identify premigration factors associated with moving in the future and then identify differences in characteristics between migrants and nonmigrants after migration. In addition to basic sociodemographic information, we examine differences between migrants and nonmigrants in land ownership, number of lifetime marriages, number of living offspring, previous migration experience, household size, social and religious participation, and religious affiliation. Results show that (a) migration in older age is related to marriage, health and HIV status, household size, and religion; (b) older women who are HIV-positive are more likely to move, and older men with better physical health are more likely to move; (c) older female migrants have worse postmigration physical health; and (d) the relationship between health and migration for older men disappears after migration.

scholarly journals Historical and current distribution, population size and possible migration routes of the Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea in Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN W. EVANS ◽  
H. BOUWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Total Current ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Migration

SummaryThe Blue Swallow Hirundo atrocaerulea is restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, its population size previously estimated at fewer than 1,500 pairs, and is classified as Vulnerable. A better understanding of its current distributional range, population size, protection status and migration routes would improve our ability to conserve the species and the grassland and wetland habitat on which it depends. We now estimate that the Blue Swallow population in the 1850s may have numbered between 1,560 and 2,300 pairs. Based on an assessment of available data, we now estimate the total current Blue Swallow population at 1,006 pairs or 2,012 individuals, an estimated 36–56% decline over the last 150 years. There may be three separate Blue Swallow sub-populations and seven separate migratory routes between their breeding and non-breeding grounds. The Blue Swallow’s range in South Africa and Swaziland has contracted by 74%. The majority of Blue Swallows occupy unprotected areas on their non-breeding grounds in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya. The Blue Swallow population in Africa will continue to decline unless the causes of reduction in Blue Swallow habitat quantity and quality can be stopped and sufficient and additional habitat set aside to sustain viable Blue Swallow populations throughout their range.

The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Archaeology

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Islamic Art ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Islamic Archaeology ◽  
First Time

Born from the fields of Islamic art and architectural history, the archaeological study of the Islamic societies is a relatively young discipline. With its roots in the colonial periods of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, its rapid development since the 1980s warrants a reevaluation of where the field stands today. This Handbook represents for the first time a survey of Islamic archaeology on a global scale, describing its disciplinary development and offering candid critiques of the state of the field today in the Central Islamic Lands, the Islamic West, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. The international contributors to the volume address such themes as the timing and process of Islamization, the problems of periodization and regionalism in material culture, cities and countryside, cultural hybridity, cultural and religious diversity, natural resource management, international trade in the later historical periods, and migration. Critical assessments of the ways in which archaeologists today engage with Islamic cultural heritage and local communities closes the volume, highlighting the ethical issues related to studying living cultures and religions.

Brain drain in sub-Saharan Africa: contributing factors, potential remedies and the role of academic medical centres

2012 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 973-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Kasper ◽  
Francis Bajunirwe
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health System Strengthening ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Optimal Care ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Migration

A double jeopardy exists in resource-limited settings (RLS) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): there are a disproportionately greater number of acutely ill patients, but a paucity of healthcare workers (HCW) to care for them. SSA has 25% of the global disease burden but only 3% of the world's HCW. Thirty-two SSA countries do not meet the WHO minimum of 23 HCW per 10000 population. Contributing factors include insufficient supply, inadequate distribution and migration. Potential remedies include international workforce policies, non-governmental organisations, national and international medical organisations’ codes of conduct, inter-country collaborations, donor-directed policies and funding to train more people in-country, and health system strengthening and task-shifting. Collaborations among academic institutions from resource-rich and poor countries can help address HCW supply, distribution and migration. It is now opportune to harness bright, committed people from academic centres in resource-rich and poor settings to create long-term, collaborative relationships focused on training, clinical skills and locally relevant research endeavours, who mutually strive for HCW retention, less migration, and ultimately sufficient HCW to provide optimal care in all RLS.

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