Spain in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-122
Author(s):  
Hans-Ingo Radatz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early Start ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The 19Th Century

Spain's nation building in the 19th century came to an early start during the War of Independence, but the new idea of a “Spanish Nation” soon ran into major adversities. When Fernando VII reinstated his absolutist monarchy, most of the American colonies broke away, and a series of civil wars turned Spain into a failed state for the greater part of the 19th century. During this period, an important segment of Catalonia's buoyant bourgeoisie tried to emulate Prussia's role in Germany and Piedmont's in Italy and pushed for Catalonia to become the leader of a modernization process. Catalan aspirations were, however, frustrated when in 1898 the last overseas colonies were lost and the Generación del 1898 rebooted the Spanish nation-building process – now as a European country with a clear-cut centralist and Castilian ideology behind it. Modern regional nationalism in Spain can only be understood against the background of these developments in the 19th century.

The Crown in National Disguises: The Uses of Monarchy’s Historical Past in Spanish Nation-Building, 1833–1868

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
David San Narciso
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
General Process ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Past ◽  
Vast Range

Abstract The competing ideologies of nation and monarchy had a troubled beginning in the 19th century, insomuch as they derived partly from two opposing sources of legitimacy. However, from the 1830s on, their supporters achieved the establishment of an interspecific and mutually advantageous relationship. The nation gradually managed to prevail over the monarchy, justifying its presence in national terms. However, the monarchy possessed something longed for by liberal nationalists: historical legitimacy. Thus, the crown served Romantic nationalism in its search for national foundations and to generate national emotions of a collective sense of belonging. This article analyses this process by focusing on the Spanish case and using a vast range of cultural sources. I reason that the monarchy’s history was intensively used in Isabel II’s reign (1833–1868), both by the monarch herself as well as nationalist elites, to legitimate and justify their presence in the liberal world. The article is divided into three sections. The first part locates the problem into a general process that touched all the crowned heads of Europe. The second section studies the appeal of exemplary medieval monarchs in the liberal hunt for national roots. The final one focuses on the particular case of Isabel the Catholic because of the remarkable prominence it acquired.

scholarly journals Luther and Norwegian Nation-Building

Nordlit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Aschim
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
National Discourse ◽  
Phase Development ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The 19Th Century

In most Protestant countries, the Reformation was closely connected to the development of vernacular languages and literatures. In Norway under Danish rule, this was not the case. Only in the 19th century, during the nation-building period of independent Norway, a Norwegian ecclesiastical language was developed. Some authors claim that this completed the Reformation in Norway – a protracted Reformation indeed. Particularly important were the hymns of Magnus Brostrup Landstad and Elias Blix. This study examines the role of Luther in the Norwegian 19th century national discourse, suggesting a three-phase development: Luther as text, as inspiration, and as argument. The full-blown use of Luther as argument was taken up by proponents of a nynorsk ecclesiastical language only during the final years of the Swedish-Norwegian union, just before its dissolution in 1905.

Racial Articulation and Labor in the 19th Century Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Dias
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article seeks to explain how economic and local political structures shaped the ways in which public officials articulated ideas of race and labor in the nineteenth century Brazil. Employing a comparative historical method, this work advances the literature in two ways. First, it suggests that what we have come to view as a positive valuation of blackness has roots in the economic development prior to the centralized nation-building processes. Second, the findings of this study point to the effects of intra-national factors, such as economic structures and patterns of labor incorporation, in shaping how regional public officials articulated notions of “race,” labor, and progress.

Foreign Travelers’ Accounts and Fanny Calderón de la Barca’s Life in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Parra Lazcano
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arbitrary Section ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Calderón De La Barca

Foreign travelers arrived in large numbers in Mexico, especially after Mexican War of Independence, to see the country and access its commercial potential. Each of them talked about the Valley of Mexico, its richness and human diversity. The way these travelers wrote about their “gazes” over this valley—in particular Fanny Calderón de la Barca—is key to understanding the politics of their trips. After their initial viewing, foreign travelers described the Mexican social and political situation as ripe for exploitation and improvement. Despite the fact that these travel accounts consider only an arbitrary section of the Mexican reality, affected by the bias and life history of each writer, they offer valuable material in their portrayal of Mexican society at that time. Hernán Cortés and Alexander von Humboldt’s views of the Mexican Valley were highly influential for the subsequent foreign travelers who went to Mexico during the 19th century, mainly from the United Kingdom, central Europe, and the United States. The work of Fanny Calderón de la Barca, and her gaze as it falls upon the Valley of Mexico, reflect the politics of mid-19th-century Mexico.

scholarly journals Public Education in Romania and Moldova, 19-20th Centuries: Modernization, Political Mobilization, and Nation-Building. An Introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Andrei Cușco ◽  
Petru Negură
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
Essential Tool ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Engineering Projects

Since the second half of the 19th century, Romania has asserted itself, along with other European states, as a “modern mobilizational state”, which aimed to profoundly transform its population and the mass of its citizens through extensive mobilizing and social engineering projects. Public education has played a central role in this ambitious process of social transformation, being an essential tool of state formation and nation-building.

scholarly journals A Rákóczi-szabadságharc emlékezete Jókai Mór műveiben

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelin Farkas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

One of the most interesting times of the memory of Rákóczi’s War of Independence was the second half of the 19th century. The period studied begins in 1848, when the close connections between the two War of Independences (Rákóczi’s and ’48/49) determines the way of recalls and as ’48/49 itself became the part of the cultural memory, the memory of the Rákóczi Era changed as well. The paper intends to explore some of the main features of this memories through the study of works and associated organs by Mór Jókai. The paper first examines the Rákóczi related poems from the organ called Életképek, published in 1848 by Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and Kálmán Lisznyai, then one of Jókai’s poem, published in 1883. Two of Jókai’s novels, the A lőcsei fehér asszony and the Szeretve mind a vérpadig also compared by their memory operations of the poems before.

scholarly journals Guerras y expropiaciones de la época federal caucana

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-30
Author(s):  
Alonso Valencia Llano
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Valle Del Cauca ◽  
Government Workers ◽  
The 19Th Century

En el presente artículo se enuncian los factores explicativos de la crisis económica que afectó al Cauca durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, y se les muestra como un efecto de los procesos económicos desarrollados durante el período colonial. Veremos cómo los caucanos debieron construir empresas en las cuales vincularon políticos y extranjeros para desarrollar la infraestructura necesaria, para sacar así a la región de la crisis en que la sumieron las guerras de Independencia y el rosario de guerras civiles que caracterizaron los primeros años del período republicano. Finalmente, se ofrece una visión de los efectos de las guerras sobre el desarrollo económico, evidenciando con ejemplos, como funcionarios públicos, empresarios, militares y políticos aprovecharon las guerras civiles para beneficiarse económicamente. Palabras clave: guerras, expropiaciones, Valle del Cauca, Siglo XIX.Wars and expropriations from the federal Cauca era AbstractIn the article at hand, the explicit factors of the economic crisis which affected Cauca during the first half of the 19th century, and it shows them as an effect of the economic processes developed during the colonial period. We see how the people of Cauca must have built companies in which they connected politicians and foreigners to develop the necessary infrastructure, to this way get the region out of the crisis in which it was plunged by the wars of independence and the string of civil wars that characterized the first years of the Republican Period. Finally, a vision of the effect of the wars on economic development is offered, proving through examples, how government workers, businessmen, military men, and politicians took advantage of the civil wars to benefit economically. Keywords: wars, expropriations, Valle del Cauca, 19th century

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