Poverty Plus Pandemic Equal to Lethal Epidemics in Mexico

For Mexican society it is relevant to know the prospects of well-being in an environment of instability and social insecurity; therefore, this research has the purpose of publicizing the health, economic, and social situation from COVID-19 in Mexico. The work has a qualitative, analytical, and descriptive research design considering current information from the Bank of Mexico with recent indicators of economic activity, The National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) with data on occupation and employment, as well as the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL) regarding the consequences of poverty in Mexican society and other documents that refer to the problem, all this analysis in order to form an idea of the near future of Mexicans. Currently, there is an increase in poverty and inequality resulting from the mismanagement of government policies and the lack of proposals to improve the social sector.

Discrimination of residents during neurosurgical training in Mexico: Results of a survey prior to SARS-CoV-2

Background: Recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic represents an important negative impact on global training of neurosurgery residents. Even before the pandemic, discrimination is a challenge that neurosurgical residents have consistently faced. In the present study, we evaluated discriminatory conditions experienced by residents during their neurosurgical training in Mexico before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: An electronic survey of 18 questions was sent among residents registered in the Mexican Society of Neurological Surgery (MSNS), between October 2019 and July 2020. Statistical analysis was made in IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The survey focused on demographic characteristics, discrimination, personal satisfaction, and expectations of residents. Results: A response rate of 50% (132 of 264 residents’ members of MSNS) was obtained and considered for analysis. Median age was 30.06 ± 2.48 years, 5.3% (n = 7) were female and 16.7% (n = 22) were foreigners undergoing neurosurgical training in Mexico. Approximately 27% of respondents suffered any form of discrimination, mainly by place of origin (9.1%), by gender (8.3%) or by physical appearance (6.1%). About 42.9% (n = 3) of female residents were discriminated by gender versus 6.4% (n = 8) of male residents (P = 0.001); while foreign residents mentioned having suffered 10 times more an event of discrimination by place of origin compared to native Mexican residents (36.4% vs. 3.6%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This manuscript represents the first approximation to determine the impact of discrimination suffered by residents undergoing neurosurgical training in Mexico before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Social Representation of Non-Academic Work in Mexico in the Light of Cultural Artefacts

Context: Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) has attracted increasing interest in recent years due to its potential to address productivity and equity challenges, such as better employment prospects, as outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite the potential of such programmes, the enrolment rate in vocational training at upper secondary level in Mexico is 38.2%, i.e. below the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average of 45.7%. This raises the question of possible reasons for the low enrolment rate. Approach: Based on the assumption that attitudes towards non-academic work are culturally anchored in Mexican society, which also shapes the educational and career aspirations of younger generations, the project named Cultural Practice of Non-academic Work in Mexico (KuPraMex), funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), investigates social representations of non-academic work in Mexico. This is done through the analysis of artefacts such as films, murals, etc., as these are part of the tangible culture of a society. As materialised products of human activities or cultural practices, artefacts can be understood as objectifications of social relations and conditions. Therefore, in this context, it is assumed that through the analysis of cultural artefacts, a deeper understanding of how non-academic work is thought, felt, and valued in Mexican society will emerge.Findings: It has been found that the topic on non-academic work is often associated with informality. Moreover, the representations and narratives in cultural artefacts often show that non-academic work, apart from office work, is physically challenging but cognitively undemanding. In terms of access to a company, social networks seem to have enormous relevance. Hierarchies seem rigid and opportunities for promotion limited. However, narratives with more positive attributions regarding non-academic work can also be identified, which state that young people experience a habitus transformation through work. Conclusion: Nevertheless, non-academic work in Mexico seems to lack prestige, which may affect young people's educational and career aspirations and choices. This could mean that those who can afford it prefer to pursue a career in tertiary education rather than opt for a TVET programme. At the macro level, the mentioned lack of prestige could hamper attempts to offer such programmes.

Prevalence of Covid-19 sequelae in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2020

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of Covid-19 sequelae and its association with sociodemographic and medical care characteristics. Materials and methods. Mexican adults that experienced Covid-19 symptoms and were seropositive to the N-protein of Sars-CoV-2 in the Ensanut 2020 responded to a question regarding sequelae. Associations were estimated using Poisson regression. Results. The prevalence of sequelae was 15.7%, being higher for people with higher education and who were hospitalized or treated at an emergency room during the acute Covid-19 phase. Conclusions. Self-reported sequelae associated to Covid-19 was frequent. Covid-19 sequelae could represent an important challenge for the health system and the Mexican society.

X Meeting of The Latin American Society of Tuberculosis and other Mycobacteriosis (SLAM-TB)

On behalf of the Mexican Society of Immunology (SMI), and the Latin-American Society of Tuberculosis and other Mycobacteriosis (SLAM-TB), it is a pleasure to invite and welcome you to the XXIV Congress of SMI and X Meeting of the SLAM-TB, which in this occasion and for the first time both Conferences will be virtual events. Monterrey city in the Northeast of Mexico was the original place where both Conferences should be held the last year, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic it was not possible and now both Congresses will be virtual meetings. Both Scientific Program Committees have organized an outstanding schedule of lectures and symposia that will provide you with the fundamental knowledge and the most recent advances in mycobacteriology and immunity in health and disease. Due to the solidarity and enthusiasm of our invited speakers, the new program is quite similar to the original one and in the case of the Mexican Congress of Immunology it was substantially improved by the participation of Dr. Buchner and Dr. Doherty, both Medicine Nobel Prize awarded scientists. Besides the integration of new symposiums of high relevance topics organized by colleagues with high academic profile and prestige.SLAMTB congregate a wide group of Latin-American microbiologists, molecular biologists, epidemiologists, immunologists and other researchers interested in the study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other related pathogens. SLAM-TB was founded in 2006 in Pucón Chile and its most important academical activity is this Meeting, in which numerous and active researchers in this field from diverse countries present and discuss their recent results, also well-known excellent researchers dictate conferences on the most relevant topics about tuberculosis.

Violence in Postrevolutionary Mexico

Despite the formal end of civil war and armed conflict, Mexico continued to experience significant levels of violence during the 1930s and 1940s. This period has traditionally been associated with the process of pacification, institutionalization, and centralization of power that enabled the consolidation of rule in postrevolutionary Mexico, a process epitomized by the marked national decline in levels of homicide that began during the 1940s and continued during the second half of the 20th century. The dynamics of coercion and resistance that characterized state-society relations at the regional and local levels reveal, however, that violence pervaded all aspects of society and that it was perpetrated by a multiplicity of actors, including vigilantes, pistoleros, private militias, lynch mobs, military, police, and other violent entrepreneurs. Violence was used as both a means to contest the legitimacy of the postrevolutionary state project as well as an instrument of control and coercion on behalf of political elites and local power brokers. Conversely, violence superseded the realm of traditional politics and constituted a central force shaping Mexican society. Violence against women in the public and private spheres, violence driven by economic interests, and citizens’ attempts to control crime and social transgressions reveal that citizens—and not only state actors—contributed to the reproduction of violence. Although violence in postrevolutionary Mexico was neither centralized nor exercised in a top-down manner, impunity and collusion between criminal and political elements were central in the production and perpetuation of violence both within the state and within civil society. When examined in light of these two decades of the postrevolutionary period, the character and levels of violence in contemporary Mexico appear less as an aberration and more as the latest expression of a longer, though uneven and nonlinear, historical trajectory of decentralized, multifaceted, and multi-actor forms of violence.

COMORBIDITY ANALYSIS: OVERLAPPING SEMICIRCLES WITH WIGNER LAW AND RANDOM MATRIX THEORY

In December 2019 COVID-19 appeared as a new pandemic that has claimed the lives of millions of people around the world. This article presents a regional analysis of COVID-19 in Mexico. Due to the comorbidities of Mexican society, the new pandemic implies a higher risk for the population. The study period runs from April 12 to October 5, 2020 (761 665 Patients). In this proposal we apply a unique methodology of random matrix theory in the moments of a probability measure that appears as the limit of the empirical spectral distribution by the Wigner semicircle law. The graphical presentation of the results is done with Machine Learning methods in the SuperHeat maps. With this is possible to analyze the behavior of patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and their comorbidities. We conclude that the most sensitive comorbidities in hospitalized patients are the following three: COPD, Other Diseases and Renal Diseases.