The Evolution of Trust in Money

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-68
Author(s):  
João Pedro Vieira ◽  
Cátia Neves Sousa
Keyword(s):  
International Crisis ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia

Trust is vital to the sustained existence of money. No currency can prevail without it. However, following the international crisis of 2008, the liability-side of trust became increasingly apparent. Blockchain and cryptocurrencies challenged the need to trust and proposed an alternative “trustless” system. In the context of rising interest and concern about cryptocurrencies, the authors intend to discuss the role of trust in the evolution of money, from ancient Mesopotamia to modern sovereign fiat currencies and cryptocurrencies, and whether cryptocurrencies are prompting a shift in the paradigm of money or not.

scholarly journals Tutor and Tutoring in the History of Education (to the Great French Revolution)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Ludwik Szuba
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Direct Relation ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia

AbstractThe article aims at presenting the history of tutoring and the role of a tutor in one of the most significant educational concepts in the world starting with the ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, China or the countries of Europe-Greece, Rome, England, Ireland, Kingdom of the Franks, the Roman Empire, France, Poland, Italy, ending with the immense social transformations sparked by the French Revolution. Throughout the centuries the role of tutors was of great significance since by staying in homes of their pupils not only did they educate but by the direct relation between a master and an apprentice, based on friendship and mutual trust, which initiated honest discussion, they influenced to a great extent the shaping of their pupils` personalities…

scholarly journals All Choice is Political

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Doerfler ◽  
Shawkat Toorawa
Keyword(s):  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Yale University ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Shawkat M. Toorawa serves as Professor of Arabic Literature and Chair of the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University. In this conversation he reflects on his decades-long experience as a teacher and administrator in the U.S. and abroad; the role of politics in classroom and curriculum; and the impact of race, religion, and international crisis on pedagogical engagement.

Crises in World Politics

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Brecher ◽  
Jonathan Wilkenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
International Crises ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
System Characteristics

In examining patterns in international crises, the authors offer one path to a cocerted attack on a central phenomenon in world politics. After surveying the releva literature, including competing definitions, they set forth a conceptual map of int national crisis variables: actor attributes (age, territory, regime, capability, values system characteristics (size, geography, structure, alliance configuration, stability); a the crisis dimensions they wish to explain (trigger, actor behavior, superpower activity, and the role of international organizations—that is, crisis management, of come, and consequences). From this taxonomy they have developed a research frar work on international crisis, and, as an illustration of more narrow explanatory devie a crisis management-outcome model. Three clusters of hypotheses on the substar and form of crisis outcomes, and the duration of crises, are then tested against I evidence from 185 cases for the period from 1945 to 1962. The ultimate aim is illuminate international crises over a 50-year period, 1930–1980, across all continer cultures, and political and economic systems in the contemporary era.

Rallying around the President: When and Why Do Americans Close Ranks behind Their Presidents during International Crisis and War?

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuval Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Opinion Leaders ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Free World ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rational Calculation ◽  
Security Crises

Many studies have reported that US presidents often become more popular at the onset of wars and other security crises. Research on this “rally-round-the-flag” phenomenon has focused on either rational calculation of success, chances of military actions, popular perceptions of security threats, or the role of opinion leaders. This paper proposes a new approach: I argue that challenges to the symbolic status of the nation vis-à-vis other nations drive rally periods. This study examines the rally-round-the-flag phenomenon from a comparative historical perspective, using a new database of war events and security crises from 1950–2006. The analysis reveals that two types of status challenges result in nationalist rally reactions: first, the public has rallied behind presidents when wars and security crises were viewed as an opportunity for the United States to reclaim its previously damaged national honor; and second, rallies have emerged when the president claimed the mantle of “leader of the free world” in an internationally authorized coalition attack on a foreign country.

The Role of Article 50 of the Un Charter in the Search for International Peace and Security

2000 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-557
Author(s):  
Jeremy Carver ◽  
Jenine Hulsmann
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
International Peace ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
International Sanctions ◽  
Article 50 ◽  
The Cost

International sanctions have grown in use significantly since they were deployed in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990.1 In the decade since the Kuwait crisis, economic and other measures not involving the use of force have been deployed by the international community against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro),2 Libya3 Rwanda4 Haiti5 Liberia,6 Somalia,7 Sudan,8 Sierra Leone,9 Angola,10 Eritrea and Ethiopia11 and, most recently, Afghanistan.12 International sanctions today derive—principally13—from a single source: the Security Council acting on the powers delegated to it by Member States under Article 41 of the UN Charter. However, while the sanctions contemplated by Article 41 have proved to be of continuing relevance in an increasingly interdependent world, the circumstances which enhance the potency of economic sanctions as a means of responding to an international crisis also increase the risk of loss by innocent States. The increased willingness of the Security Council to use its binding authority to impose economic sanctions has raised important questions both as to the cost of economic sanctions to implementing States, and the limits on the Council's powers.

scholarly journals The European crisis and global economy dynamics: Continental enlargement versus Atlantic opening

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-569
Author(s):  
António Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Fundamental Idea ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Adjustment Mechanism ◽  
European Crisis

The fundamental idea we discuss in this paper is that the failure of Europe to deal with the international crisis is due, first and foremost, to the deepening of a more specific crisis that affected the very process of European integration and developed through two main channels: one, broader, linked to the erosion of the original driving forces underpinning integration in Europe; another, more circumscribed, linked to the malfunctioning of the euro as an internal adjustment mechanism of the currency zone. To deal with these structural dimensions of the crisis, we put forward a model of a Global Europe against the model of Continental Europe that has dominated the integration process until now and in this alternative framework we discuss the potential role of Portugal and of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document