Efficient Forwarding With Power Saving and Load Balancing In Wireless Sensor Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Hanen Idoudi
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Duty Cycling ◽  
Basic Functions

Energy efficiency is still a challenging issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Balancing nodes’ activities and duty cycling are efficient ways that could enhance WSN’s performances. In this paper the authors introduce a new asynchronous power saving mechanism that provides an adaptive duty cycle and a minimum overhead to achieve load balancing and energy saving. This mechanism relies on two basic functions: an asynchronous duty cycling for activity balancing and a lightweight geographic routing. Extensive simulations showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of residual energy, energy consumption balancing and packet delivery ratio.

scholarly journals Routing with Renewable Energy Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4376
Author(s):  
João Junior ◽  
Moysés Lima ◽  
Leandro Balico ◽  
Richard Pazzi ◽  
Horácio Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Energy Information

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), power consumption is an important aspect when designing routing protocols. When compared to other components of a sensor node, the power required by radio transmitters is responsible for most of the consumption. One way to optimize energy consumption is by using energy-aware protocols. Such protocols take into consideration the residual energy information (i.e., remaining battery power) when making decisions, providing energy efficiency through the careful management of energy consumption. In this work, we go further and propose a new routing protocol that uses not only the residual energy information, but also the available renewable energy information from renewable energy sources such as solar cells. We then present the Renewable Energy-Based Routing (REBORN) algorithm, an energy-aware geographic routing algorithm, capable of managing both the residual and the available energy. Our results clearly show the advantages and the efficiency achieved by our REBORN algorithm when compared to other proposed energy-aware approaches.

Greedy Load Balancing Energy Efficient Routing Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Maratha ◽  
Kapil
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Battery Power

Background: Despite so many constraints, the limited battery power of the sensor nodes is the core issue in Wireless Sensor Networks. This compels how to extend the lifetime of the network as long as possible. One of the ways to solve the problem is to balance the relay traffic load to extend the lifetime. Objective:In this paper, a load balancing algorithm is suggested that selects the best possible relay node so that uniform consumption of the battery power of the sensor nodes can be ensured. Methods: After random deployment, sensor nodes collect information about their neighbors and their expected load. The selection of new next hop starts from maximum hop count. Next hop of the nodes having a single parent is set first. Remaining nodes select their next hop in the non-increasing order of their load. Result: Simulation results verify that packet delivery ratio for proposed work up to 50% till 72% and no nodes getting dead till 48% of total time duration while for others, nodes start getting dead around 36% of total time duration. Also, it is proved that the solution obtained by proposed work can be at most 1.5 times imbalanced as compared to the optimal solution which implies our solution is quite near to the optimal one. Conclusion: Load balancing done in our work has shown more positive results in comparison to others in terms of network lifetime and first node death and which is also verified with F-test with α-value to be 0.05.

scholarly journals Green Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Triangle Metric Based Multi-Layered Routing Protocol

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7278
Author(s):  
Ahmad M. Khasawneh ◽  
Omprakash Kaiwartya ◽  
Jaime Lloret ◽  
Hayfa Y. Abuaddous ◽  
Laith Abualigah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a non-localization routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), namely, the triangle metric based multi-layered routing protocol (TM2RP). The main idea of the proposed TM2RP is to utilize supernodes along with depth information and residual energy to balance the energy consumption between sensors. Moreover, TM2RP is the first multi-layered and multi-metric pressure routing protocol that considers link quality with residual energy to improve the selection of next forwarding nodes with more reliable and energy-efficient links. The aqua-sim package based on the ns-2 simulator was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed TM2RP. The obtained results were compared to other similar methods such as depth based routing (DBR) and multi-layered routing protocol (MRP). Simulation results showed that the proposed protocol (TM2RP) obtained better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.

scholarly journals A Data-Gathering, Dynamic Duty-Cycling MAC Protocol for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4071
Author(s):  
Fei Tong ◽  
Yuyang Peng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Duty Cycling ◽  
Packet Delivery

This paper presents a Data-gathering, Dynamic Duty-cycling (D3) protocol for wireless sensor networks. With a proposed duty-cycling MAC of high energy efficiency in D3, a routing scheme is naturally embedded to reduce protocol overhead. A packet can be forwarded in a pipelined fashion by staggering the sleep-wakeup schedules between two communicating nodes, which can significantly reduce end-to-end delay to meet real-time transmission requirements. To construct and maintain schedules, a grade and schedule establishment mechanism with a lightweight schedule error correction scheme is designed. In addition, based on the intrinsic characteristics of the network, an adaptive schedule maintenance scheme is proposed to dynamically adjust the node duty cycle to the network traffic load. The results based on the extensive OPNET simulations show that D3 can largely improve packet delivery ratio, energy efficiency and throughput, and reduce packet delivery latency.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Spatial Query-Centric Geographic Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Wang ◽  
Xuejun Liu ◽  
Meizhen Wang ◽  
Yunfeng Nie ◽  
Yuxia Bian
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Spatial Query ◽  
Redundant Data ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Query Efficiency ◽  
Candidate Node

In data-centric wireless sensor networks (WSNs), sensing data have a high time–space correlation. Most queries are spatial and used to obtain data in a defined region. Geographic routing (GR) protocols are the optimal choice for routing spatial queries. However, several drawbacks still exist in GRs, and these the include premature death of nodes and communication latency, which result in reduced network life and query efficiency. A new clustering GR protocol called quadtree grid (QTGrid) was proposed in this study to save energy and improve spatial query efficiency. First, the monitoring area was logically divided into clusters by a quadtree structure, and each grid’s location was encoded to reduce the memory overhead. Second, cluster head (CH) nodes were selected based on several metrics, such as distance from the candidate node to the grid center and adjacent CHs and residual energy. Third, the next-hop routing node was selected depending on the residual energy of the candidate node and its distance to the sink node. Lastly, a lossless data aggregation algorithm and a flexible spatial query algorithm were adopted to reduce the transmission of redundant data and meet the application requirements, respectively. Simulation results showed that compared with three related protocols, QTGrid has lower energy consumption and higher spatial query efficiency and is more suitable for large-scale WSN spatial query application scenarios.

ALBA-R: Load-Balancing Geographic Routing Around Connectivity Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Petrioli ◽  
Michele Nati ◽  
Paolo Casari ◽  
Michele Zorzi ◽  
Stefano Basagni
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Wireless Sensor
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