Evaluation of Continuous Power-Down Schemes

We consider a power-down system with two states—“on” and “off”—and a continuous set of power states. The system has to respond to requests for service in the “on” state and, after service, the system can power off or switch to any of the intermediate power-saving states. The choice of states determines the cost to power on for subsequent requests. The protocol for requests is “online”, which means that the decision as to which intermediate state (or the off-state) the system will switch has to be made without knowledge of future requests. We model a linear and a non-linear system, and we consider different online strategies, namely piece-wise linear, logarithmic and exponential. We provide results under online competitive analysis, which have relevance for the integration of renewable energy sources into the smart grid. Our analysis shows that while piece-wise linear systems are not specific for any type of system, logarithmic strategies work well for slack systems, whereas exponential systems are better suited for busy systems.

Adaptive Power-Saving Mechanism for VoIP Over WiMAX Based on Artificial Neural Network

The IEEE 802.16 system offers power-saving class type II as a power-saving algorithm for real-time services such as voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service. However, it doesn't take into account the silent periods of VoIP conversation. This chapter proposes a power conservation algorithm based on artificial neural network (ANN-VPSM) that can be applied to VoIP service over WiMAX systems. Artificial intelligent model using feed forward neural network with a single hidden layer has been developed to predict the mutual silent period that used to determine the sleep period for power saving class mode in IEEE 802.16. From the implication of the findings, ANN-VPSM reduces the power consumption during VoIP calls with respect to the quality of services (QoS). Experimental results depict the significant advantages of ANN-VPSM in terms of power saving and quality-of-service (QoS). It shows the power consumed in the mobile station can be reduced up to 3.7% with respect to VoIP quality.

Energy Consumption Delay Evaluation of NB-IoT Terminal Based on Markov Model

The energy consumption of terminal of Internet of Things has attracted much attention in the study of smart Internet of Things. How to simulate the energy consumption process of the terminal from the theoretical level, so as to analyze the energy consumption and delay of the terminal are important issues. In this paper, taking the power monitoring terminal as an example, a Markov model is established for the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) terminal with periodic automatic reporting. The working state of the terminal includes PSM (Power Saving Mode), random access (RACH), data transport and receive (Tx/Rx), short eDRX (Extended Discontinuous Reception), long eDRX and terminal disconnection (ERROR). According to the proposed model, the effects of network quality, maximum possible number of RACH request times (Rmax ) and data retransmission times (N1, N2) on terminal energy consumption and delay are analyzed. The numerical results show that network quality, maximum number of random access and maximum number of data retransmission directly affect the energy consumption and service quality of the terminal. Reasonable configuration of the above indicators can effectively improve the service life of the terminal and meet the customer’s requirements for the terminal service quality under the condition of maximum power saving. The model provides a reference for energy consumption and delay optimization of NB-IoT terminal.

Certain Power Aspects of Sustainable Development of Russia and the European Union

The article shows elements and key principles of the concept of sustainable development and points out to steps made by Russian and the EU targeted at introducing the concept within the frames of state functioning. The authors provide information about the latest changes in state policy in the field of ecologic development of Russia and characterize the course in the sphere of sustainable ecologic development. In the system of sustainable development indicators the authors identify such power figures as consumption of power resources and emission of used gases, for instance CO2 to the atmosphere. Statistics concerning the amount of power resource consumption and air pollution by CO2 emissions in developed countries was included in the article. Principle normative documents used to regulate power optimization and power efficiency in Russia, EAEC and the EU were analyzed. The EU experience dealing with digital information support of customers aimed at improving power efficiency was studied and data of electric power saving and cutting CO2 emission stipulated by EU directives was also considered. Examples of steps meant to motivate power efficient habits of the population in the Russian Federation were given

A High-robust Sensor Activity Control Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, it is important to use the best number of sensors to optimize the network and consider the key design and cost. Owing to the limited power of sensors, how controlling the state of the sensor through an automatic control algorithm and power-saving and efficient distribution of work have become important issues. However, sensor nodes are usually deployed in dangerous or inaccessible locations. Therefore, it is difficult and impractical to supply power to sensors through humans. In this study, we propose a high-reliability control algorithm with fast convergence and strong self-organization ability, called sensor activity control algorithm (SACA), which can efficiently control the number of sensors in the active state and extend their use time. SACA considers the relationship between the total number of inactive sensors and the target value and determines the state of the sensor in the next round. The data transmission technology of random access is used between the sensor and the base station; therefore, the sensor in the sleep state does not need to receive the feedback packet from the base station. The sensor can achieve true dormancy and power-saving effects. The experimental results show that SACA has fast convergence, strong self-organization capabilities, and power-saving advantages.

Novel Architecture of Content Delivery Network Based on Big Data for Power Saving

This paper proposes an architecture of content delivery network (CDN) based on big data for power saving. There are two types of video content: hot content and cold content. When video content is accessed frequently, it is called hot content. Conversely, when video content is accessed infrequently, it is called cold content. In CDN, there is an origin server and a CDN cache server. A CDN cache server has a replicated content and provides its content to the end users nearby. Therefore, the user can receive the requested content from the closest proximity for fast content. The proposed architecture in this paper powers off the cold content server in CDN cache server when the number of cold content requests decreases. Hence, the proposed architecture for content delivery services based on power saving is expected to be useful for providing multimedia streaming services with low power consumption for content providers.

Virtual machines pre-copy live migration cost modeling and prediction: a survey

Live migration is an essential feature in virtual infrastructure and cloud computing datacenters. Using live migration, virtual machines can be online migrated from a physical machine to another with negligible service interruption. Load balance, power saving, dynamic resource allocation, and high availability algorithms in virtual data-centers and cloud computing environments are dependent on live migration. Live migration process has six phases that result in live migration cost. Several papers analyze and model live migration costs for different hypervisors, different kinds of workloads and different models of analysis. In addition, there are also many other papers that provide prediction techniques for live migration costs. It is a challenge for the reader to organize, classify, and compare live migration overhead research papers due to the broad focus of the papers in this domain. In this survey paper, we classify, analyze, and compare different papers that cover pre-copy live migration cost analysis and prediction from different angels to show the contributions and the drawbacks of each study. Papers classification helps the readers to get different studies details about a specific live migration cost parameter. The classification of the paper considers the papers’ research focus, methodology, the hypervisors, and the cost parameters. Papers analysis helps the readers to know which model can be used for which hypervisor and to know the techniques used for live migration cost analysis and prediction. Papers comparison shows the contributions, drawbacks, and the modeling differences by each paper in a table format that simplifies the comparison. Virtualized Data-center and cloud computing clusters admins can also make use of this paper to know which live migration cost prediction model can fit for their environments.