Automatic Bone Drilling in Orthopedic Surgery - Overcoming of the Drill Bit Bending at the Second Cortex

This paper discusses a problem appeared by drill bit bending during bone drilling in the orthopedic surgery, where precision is needed for screws to be implanted. The bone surface has a specific shape and the drill bit may slip a little along the bone before the process start, when a large thrust force is applied by hand-drilling. That could be seen and correct by the surgeon. But he can’t see inside – where the second cortex drilling starts. The drill bit bending leads to the worse screw fixation and even to the bone damage – if the drill bit stays off broken inside. To solve this problem an active force control is made by robot application. Experiments and results are presented.

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Automatic Bone Drilling in Orthopedic Surgery Parameter Tuning of an Active Force Control

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.208 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 532 ◽

pp. 208-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tony Boiadjiev ◽

Kazimir Zagurski ◽

George Boiadjiev ◽

Kamen Delchev ◽

Rumen Kastelov

Keyword(s):

Orthopedic Surgery ◽

Force Control ◽

Thrust Force ◽

Parameter Tuning ◽

Resistance Force ◽

Drilling Process ◽

Active Force ◽

Bone Drilling ◽

Active Force Control ◽

Bone Damage

This paper deals with an active force control for automatic bone drilling. Orthopedic surgery often requires precise bone drilling for screws to be implanted. The hole quality in drilling process strongly depends on the applied thrust force (resistance force). In particular, a relatively large thrust force, applied in hand-drilling process, could cause a bone trauma (thermo necrosis or bone damage). To solve this problem we apply an active force control in order to achieve constant and safety drilling thrust force. Moreover, we propose an algorithm for parameter tuning of the considered control system.

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Computer Aided Finite Element Simulation of the Developed Driller System for Bone Drilling Process in Orthopedic Surgery

Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems ◽

10.1142/s0219686719500318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (04) ◽

pp. 583-594 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kadir Gok ◽

Arif Gok ◽

Yasin Kisioglu

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Temperature Rise ◽

Orthopedic Surgery ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Drilling Process ◽

Drill Bit ◽

Bone Drilling ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Driller System

Heat reveals during the bone drilling operations in orthopedic surgery because of friction between bone and surgical drill bit. The heating causes extremely important damages in bone and soft tissues. The heating has a critical threshold and it is known as 47∘C. If bone temperature value exceeds 47∘C, osteonecrosis occurs in bones and soft tissues. Many factors such as surgical drill bit geometry and material, drilling parameters, coolant has important roles for the temperature rise. Many methods are used to decrease the temperature rise. The most effective method among them is to use the coolant internally. Numeric simulations of a new driller system to avoid the overheating during the orthopedic operating processes were performed in this study. The numerical simulation with/without coolant was also performed using the finite element based software. Computer aided simulation studies were used to measure the bone temperatures occurred during the bone drilling processes. The outcomes from the simulations were compared with the experimental results. A good temperature level agreement between the experimental results and FEA simulations was found during the bone drilling process.

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MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION FOR SURGICAL DRILLING OF HUMAN FEMURS: A METHODOLOGY FOR BETTER PULL-OUT STRENGTH OF FIXATION USING TAGUCHI METHOD BASED ON MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s0219519419500726 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (01) ◽

pp. 1950072

Author(s):

PONNUSAMY PANDITHEVAN ◽

NATARAJAN VINAYAGA MURUGA PANDY

Keyword(s):

Taguchi Method ◽

Membership Function ◽

Thrust Force ◽

Drill Bit ◽

Optimal Parameters ◽

Bone Drilling ◽

Continuous Increase ◽

Pull Out ◽

Pull Out Strength

Drilling through bone is one of the common cutting processes involved in many of the orthopedic surgeries. In bone drilling, spindle speed, feed rate, diameter of the drill bit, drill bit geometry and method of cooling are the important parameters to influence the in-situ temperature, drill thrust force and quality characteristics of the drilled hole. Because of the selection of inappropriate drilling parameters, uncontrolled large drilling forces, continuous increase in temperature and mechanical damage to the local host bone were observed. As these adverse effects lead to poor bone–implant contact and often a revision surgery, performing a surgical drilling with optimal parameters is essential to succeed in the surgical procedure. It was observed that in addition to the variations in apparent bone density, the orientation of osteons influences the drilling thrust force and temperature in bone drilling. Ten adult cadaveric human femurs from the age group of 32–65 years were considered and drilling experiments were conducted on proximal-diaphysis, mid-diaphysis and distal-diaphysis regions in the longitudinal, radial and circumferential directions. Bone drilling with different spindle speeds (500, 1000 and 1500[Formula: see text]rpm), feed rates (40, 60 and 80[Formula: see text]mm/min), and apparent density in the range of 0.98[Formula: see text]g/cm3 to 1.98[Formula: see text]g/cm3 was investigated in this work using a 3.20[Formula: see text]mm diameter surgical drill-bit. The generation of in-situ temperature as well as thrust force at each target location was measured using [Formula: see text]-type thermocouple and Kistler[Formula: see text] dynamometer, respectively. Taguchi method based on membership function was used to optimize the drilling process. Then the efficacy of the method in reducing the in-situ temperature and thrust force, and quality of the drilled hole in respect of anatomical region and drilling direction was investigated using pull-out strength of the bone screws. Results revealed that the optimal parameters obtained from the Taguchi method based on membership function could simultaneously minimize the temperature as well as thrust force in bone drilling. The proposed method can be adopted to minimize the temperature and thrust force, and choose the best location nearest to the defect site for strong implant fixation by using CT datasets of the patient as the only input.

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Mechanical and thermal damage in cortical bone drilling in vivo

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0954411919840194 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 233 (6) ◽

pp. 621-635 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yue Zhang ◽

Linlin Xu ◽

Chengyong Wang ◽

Zhihua Chen ◽

Shuai Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Damage ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Haversian Canal ◽

Drill Bit ◽

Bone Drilling ◽

Drilling Force ◽

Drilling Parameters ◽

Bone Damage ◽

Empty Lacuna

Recently, the failure rate of fracture fixation to fractured bone has increased. Mechanical and thermal damage to the bone, which influences the contact area and cell growth between the bone and the screw, is the primary reason for fixation failure. However, research has mainly focused on force and temperature in bone drilling. In this study, the characteristics of hole edges, microcracks, empty lacunae, and osteon necrosis were investigated as viewed in the transverse and longitudinal sections after drilling. Drilling force and temperature were also recorded for comparing the relationship with mechanical and thermal damage. Experiments were conducted in vivo using five different drill geometries under the same drilling parameters. Characteristics of the hole wall were detected using computed tomography. Microcracks and necrosis were analyzed using the pathological sectioning method. The maximum microcrack was approximately 3000 and 1400 μm in the transverse section and longitudinal section, respectively, which were much larger than those observed in previous studies. Empty lacuna and osteon necrosis, starting from the Haversian canal, were also found. The drill bit geometry, chisel edge, flute number, edges, and steps had a strong effect on bone damage, particularly the chisel edge. The standard and classic surgical drill caused the greatest surface damage and necrosis of the five drill bit geometries studied. The microstructural features including osteons and matrix played an important role in numbers and length of microcracks and necrosis. More microcracks were generated in the transverse direction, while a greater length of the empty lacuna was generated in the longitudinal direction under the same drilling parameters. Microcracks mainly propagated in a straight manner in and parallel to the interstitial bone matrix and cement line. Drilling forces were not directly correlated with bone damage; thus, hole performance should be considered to evaluate the superiority and inferiority of drill bits rather than the drill force alone.

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An Experimental Investigation of Forces on Cortical Bone in Deep-Hole Bone Drilling

Journal of Engineering and Science in Medical Diagnostics and Therapy ◽

10.1115/1.4047463 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Author(s):

JuEun Lee ◽

Serena Y. Chu

Keyword(s):

Thermal Damage ◽

Thrust Force ◽

Chip Morphology ◽

Drill Bit ◽

Twist Drill ◽

Deep Hole ◽

Bone Drilling ◽

Drilling Depth ◽

Abnormal State ◽

Different Depths

Abstract Deep-hole bone drilling is critical in many surgical implantation procedures. Unlike most common bone-drilling processes, deep-hole bone drilling is performed using a high drilling depth to drill-bit diameter ratio, which can lead to undesirable mechanical and thermal damage during surgical procedures. The objective of this study was to investigate the thrust force and torque generated in deep-hole bone drilling. Drilling tests were performed on bovine cortical bones at a drilling hole depth of 36 mm using a 2.5 mm diameter twist drill bit with a spindle speed of 3000 rpm and feed rates of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mm/rev. Bone chips were collected at different depths and examined using a fiber-optic microscope. Not only are drilling forces a good indicator to assess drilling performances but also chip formation and morphology are important aspects for understanding bone-drilling behaviors. The force signals revealed two distinct states, which were referred to as normal and abnormal states in this study. In the normal state, the force signals remained constant once the drill tip became fully engaged in bone cutting, whereas after a certain drilling depth, the forces considerably increased in the abnormal state. The results of this study indicate that the rapid increase in the force in the abnormal state is mainly attributed to chip clogging inside the flutes as the drilling depth increases. This study also demonstrated that the chip morphology varies with respect to drilling depth, where fragmented chips are produced at shallow drilling depths and powdery chips are produced at deeper drilling depths.

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Investigation of Forces in Deep Hole Bone Drilling

Volume 3: Biomedical and Biotechnology Engineering ◽

10.1115/imece2018-87064 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

JuEun Lee ◽

Serena Chu ◽

Craig L. Chavez

Keyword(s):

Thrust Force ◽

Early Stage ◽

Chip Morphology ◽

High Ratio ◽

Hole Drilling ◽

Drilling Process ◽

Drill Bit ◽

Deep Hole ◽

Bone Drilling ◽

Drilling Depth

Deep hole drilling is required to install prosthetic devices in surgical implantation. Compared to the common bone drilling processes, deep hole bone drilling is performed with a larger hole depth (i.e., up to a depth of approximately 35 mm in cochlear implantation) using a high ratio of the length to diameter of the drill bit. For successful outcomes from this process, forces must be controlled adequately to avoid other complications such as drill-bit breakage or thermal necrosis. This study investigates the thrust force and torque generated in bone drilling process of up to 36 mm drilling depth. Drilling tests were performed on bovine cortical bone using 2.5 mm diameter twist drill bit with a spindle speed of 3000 rpm, and feed rates of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1 mm/rev. Two distinct states in both the thrust force and torque data were observed for all conditions, which are called normal and abnormal states in this study. At an early stage of the drilling process, the force signals showed the traditional trend, reaching a constant value once the tip of the drill bit was fully engaged in bone cutting up to a certain depth. After that, both thrust force and torque kept increasing rapidly until the final drilling depth. This study also observed that the chip morphology varies with increasing drilling depth, showing fragmented chips at the normal state and powdery chips at the abnormal state. Chip clogging and increased frictional force between chips, tool, and hole wall with larger drilling depth may cause the abrupt increase in forces and variation in chip morphology.

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