Fabrication of Aluminum Interdigitated Electrode for Biosensor Application Using Conventional Lithography

2015 ◽  
Vol 1109 ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Farehanim ◽  
U. Hashim ◽  
Norhayati Soin ◽  
A.H. Azman ◽  
S. Norhafizah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Interdigitated Electrode ◽  
Lithography Process ◽  
Aluminum Metal ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Biosensor Application ◽  
Chrome Mask

A simple technique for the fabrication of interdigitated electrode (IDEs) using conventional lithography was presented. A top-down simple lithography approach was used to fabricate a set of Interdigitated electrodes were patterned with aluminum metal. Silicon dioxide serves to isolate the electrode from the substrate. A chrome mask was proposed to complete this work. In this work, the proposed method was experimentally demonstrated by fabricating the IDEs structure 4-5μm, approximately. The dimensions of structure were determined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is a simple, easy-to-use and cost effective method and does not require complicated micro-lithography process for fabricating desired microelectrode in reproducible approach.

scholarly journals A technique for the extraction of the Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation (PFNA) after unlocking failure

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingde Cao ◽  
Zhong-Meng Yang ◽  
Hua-Ding Lu
Keyword(s):  
Distal Part ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Proximal Femoral Nail ◽  
Routine Method ◽  
Femoral Nail ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Introduction Proximal Femoral Nail Anti-rotation (PFNA) is a routine method to deal with intertrochanteric fractures in the elder population. It is extremely difficult to remove PFNA in some cases as a result of stripping of blade heads. In this Technical Note, we report a simple technique using commonly available instrument that can be used to remove stripped even broken anti-rotation blade where regular methods have failed. Methods The subject underwent a PFNA removal surgery fifteen months after the previous fixation. We encountered difficulties using regular instrument to remove the anti-rotation blade. A 5mm tungsten carbide bur was used to drill a single cortical hole at the end of the blade. Then double-strand steel wire was threaded through the hole and the distal part was shaped into a circle which could tie to the extraction screw. Slide Hammer was applied to gently knocked out the blade along the anatomical direction of the femoral neck. Results The technique helped us successfully remove the dispatched anti-rotation blade and provided the patient with a satisfactory result. Conclusion The use of a tungsten reamer and steel wire loop to remove the proximal femoral anti-rotation blade may provide a simple and cost-effective method of dealing with extraction failure.

Controlled Synthesis of Horizontal Silicon Nanowires for Biosensor Application

NANO ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (07) ◽  
pp. 1550107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chisung Ahn ◽  
Jihun Mun ◽  
Atul Kulkarni ◽  
Yinhua Jin ◽  
Giwoon Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nanowires ◽  
Silicon Nanowire ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Synthesis Conditions ◽  
Photoelectric Properties ◽  
Biosensor Application

Top-down silicon nanowire ( SiNW ) fabrication mechanisms for connecting electrodes are widely utilized because they provide good control of the diameter to length ratio. The representative mechanism for the synthesis of SiNWs , a top-down approach, has limitations on the control of their diameter following lithography technologies, requires a long manufacturing process and is not cost-effective. In this study, we have implemented the bottom-up growth of horizontal SiNWs ( H-SiNWs ) on Si / SiO 2 substrates directly by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) under about 400°C. The HAuCl4 solution as a catalyst and SiH 4 gas as a precursor are used for the synthesis of H-SiNWs . After optimization of synthesis conditions, we evaluated the photoelectric properties of the H-SiNWs under illumination with different light intensities. Further, we demonstrated the feasibility of H-SiNW devices for the detection of biotinylated DNA nanostructures and streptavidin interaction.

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coating ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Computational Tool ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

Monitoring effluent quality in hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs using remote sensing

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dor ◽  
N. Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Wastewater Quality

About one hundred and fifty wastewater reservoirs store effluents for irrigation in Israel. Effluent qualities differ according to the inflowing wastewater quality, the degree of pretreatment and the operational parameters. Certain aspects of water quality like concentration of organic matter, suspended solids and chlorophyll are significantly correlated with the water column transparency and colour. Accordingly optical images of the reservoirs obtained from the SPOT satellite demonstrate pronounced differences correlated with the water quality. The analysis of satellite multispectral images is based on a theoretical model. The model calculates, using the radiation transfer equation, the volume reflectance of the water body. Satellite images of 99 reservoirs were analyzed in the chromacity space in order to classify them according to water quality. Principal Component Analysis backed by the theoretical model increases the method sensitivity. Further elaboration of this approach will lead to the establishment of a time and cost effective method for the routine monitoring of these hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs.

A Cost-Effective Method to Prepare Pure Vildagliptin

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Peng ◽  
Yue Feng ◽  
Zhu Tao ◽  
Yingjie Chen ◽  
Xiangnan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Effective Method

scholarly journals Computer-supported Detection of M-Components and Evaluation of Immunoglobulins after Capillary Electrophoresis

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Jonsson ◽  
Joyce Carlson ◽  
Jan-Olof Jeppsson ◽  
Per Simonsson
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Electrophoresis ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Protein Separation ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Computerized Decision Support ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Mathematical Algorithms

Abstract Background: Electrophoresis of serum samples allows detection of monoclonal gammopathies indicative of multiple myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and amyloidosis. Present methods of high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis (HRAGE) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) are manual and labor-intensive. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) allows rapid automated protein separation and produces digital absorbance data, appropriate as input for a computerized decision support system. Methods: Using the Beckman Paragon CZE 2000 instrument, we analyzed 711 routine clinical samples, including 95 monoclonal components (MCs) and 9 cases of Bence Jones myeloma, in both the CZE and HRAGE systems. Mathematical algorithms developed for the detection of monoclonal immunoglobulins (MCs) in the γ- and β-regions of the electropherogram were tested on the entire material. Additional algorithms evaluating oligoclonality and polyclonal concentrations of immunoglobulins were also tested. Results: CZE electropherograms corresponded well with HRAGE. Only one IgG MC of 1 g/L, visible on HRAGE, was not visible after CZE. Algorithms detected 94 of 95 MCs (98.9%) and 100% of those visible after CZE. Of 607 samples lacking an MC on HRAGE, only 3 were identified by the algorithms (specificity, 99%). Algorithms evaluating total gammaglobulinemia and oligoclonality also identified several cases of Bence Jones myeloma. Conclusions: The use of capillary electrophoresis provides a modern, rapid, and cost-effective method of analyzing serum proteins. The additional option of computerized decision support, which provides rapid and standardized interpretations, should increase the clinical availability and usefulness of protein analyses in the future.

scholarly journals CO$$_{2}$$ Convection in Hydrocarbon Under Flowing Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trine S. Mykkeltvedt ◽  
Sarah E. Gasda ◽  
Tor Harald Sandve
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fine Grid ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Gravity Effects ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Nearby Point ◽  
Diffusive Processes

AbstractCarbon-neutral oil production is one way to improve the sustainability of petroleum resources. The emissions from produced hydrocarbons can be offset by injecting capture CO$$_{2}$$ 2 from a nearby point source into a saline aquifer for storage or a producing oil reservoir. The latter is referred to as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and would enhance the economic viability of CO$$_{2}$$ 2 sequestration. The injected CO$$_{2}$$ 2 will interact with the oil and cause it to flow more freely within the reservoir. Consequently, the overall recovery of oil from the reservoir will increase. This enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique is perceived as the most cost-effective method for disposing captured CO$$_{2}$$ 2 emissions and has been performed for many decades with the focus on oil recovery. The interaction between existing oil and injected CO$$_{2}$$ 2 needs to be fully understood to effectively manage CO$$_{2}$$ 2 migration and storage efficiency. When CO$$_{2}$$ 2 and oil mix in a fully miscible setting, the density can change non-linearly and cause density instabilities. These instabilities involve complex convective-diffusive processes, which are hard to model and simulate. The interactions occur at the sub-centimeter scale, and it is important to understand its implications for the field scale migration of CO$$_{2}$$ 2 and oil. In this work, we simulate gravity effects, namely gravity override and convective mixing, during miscible displacement of CO$$_{2}$$ 2 and oil. The flow behavior due to the competition between viscous and gravity effects is complex, and can only be accurately simulated with a very fine grid. We demonstrate that convection occurs rapidly, and has a strong effect on breakthrough of CO$$_{2}$$ 2 at the outlet. This work for the first time quantifies these effects for a simple system under realistic conditions.

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