Monitoring effluent quality in hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs using remote sensing

About one hundred and fifty wastewater reservoirs store effluents for irrigation in Israel. Effluent qualities differ according to the inflowing wastewater quality, the degree of pretreatment and the operational parameters. Certain aspects of water quality like concentration of organic matter, suspended solids and chlorophyll are significantly correlated with the water column transparency and colour. Accordingly optical images of the reservoirs obtained from the SPOT satellite demonstrate pronounced differences correlated with the water quality. The analysis of satellite multispectral images is based on a theoretical model. The model calculates, using the radiation transfer equation, the volume reflectance of the water body. Satellite images of 99 reservoirs were analyzed in the chromacity space in order to classify them according to water quality. Principal Component Analysis backed by the theoretical model increases the method sensitivity. Further elaboration of this approach will lead to the establishment of a time and cost effective method for the routine monitoring of these hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs.

Download Full-text

Quantification of carbohydrates in fruit juices using FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Spectroscopy An International Journal ◽

10.1155/2011/285890 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 93-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Loredana F. Leopold ◽

Nicolae Leopold ◽

Horst-A. Diehl ◽

Carmen Socaciu

Keyword(s):

Ftir Spectroscopy ◽

Multivariate Statistics ◽

Sucrose Concentration ◽

Principal Component ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Routine Monitoring ◽

Sweetness Intensity ◽

High Sucrose Concentration

A combination of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and multivariate statistics was applied as screening tool for the quantitative determination of carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose and sucrose, in 28 processed commercial fruit juices and 5 genuine juices obtained from squeezed fruits. A number of 13 mixtures of glucose, fructose and sucrose standard solutions were prepared at different concentrations, scanned by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy and analyzed in the 900 and 1400 cm−1spectral range. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the standard carbohydrate solutions enabled a better understanding of the main sources of variability affecting the FTIR spectra. Also, PCA enabled the grouping of apple, orange and peach juices. Calibration models for each carbohydrate, using partial least squares (PLS) regression were developed and used for prediction purposes. Cross-validation procedures indicated correlations of 0.88, 0.92 and 0.98 for glucose, fructose and sucrose, respectively, between HPLC measured values and FTIR first derivative spectra estimates. Carbohydrates in the expected concentration ranges were found for most of the pure fruit labelled juices. The samples with 4–50% pure fruit juice content showed discrepancies from average concentration values of authentic juices, mainly a high sucrose concentration can flag sucrose addition to maintain the juice sweetness intensity. The present results confirmed the efficiency of FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate statistics, as a rapid, reliable and cost-effective tool for routine monitoring of multiple constituents in fruit juices, as quality indicators.

Download Full-text

EFFICACY OF REJUVENATION OF LAKES IN BENGALURU, INDIA

Green Chemistry & Technology Letters ◽

10.18510/gctl.2020.613 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 14-26

Author(s):

T.V. Ramchandra ◽

V Sincy ◽

K.S. Asulabha

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Principal Component ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Weighted Arithmetic ◽

Poor Water Quality ◽

Key Issues ◽

Integrated Cost ◽

Using Data ◽

First Time

Purpose of the study: The main objective of the present work is to assess the efficacy of the restoration endeavour in Bengaluru lakes, Karnataka, India. Rapid urbanisation coupled with industrialisation in urban areas has greatly stressed the available water resources qualitatively and quantitatively. This has also resulted in the generation of enormous sewage and wastewater after independence. Method: Environmental monitoring of 40 restored lakes was carried out to identify the key issues and assessing water quality (physical, chemical and biological). Weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was determined using data of physicochemical parameters of lakes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) performed using PAST3 software to identify the factors responsible for variations in water quality. Main Findings: The monitored forty lakes distributed across the three major watersheds namely Koramangala and Challaghatta valley, Vrishabhavathi valley and Hebbal valley were grouped under three different WQI status like good water quality (10%); poor water quality (37%) and very poor water quality (53%). Majority of these restored lakes has become polluted which indicates improper decontamination and poor maintenance of restored lakes. Application of this study: This study provides vital information for policymakers to understand the gaps which helps in the course correction while implementing further rejuvenation of lakes. Novelty/Originality of this study: The efficacy of rejuvenation was assessed through integrated cost-effective scientific approaches for the lake monitoring. Monitoring during the pre and post rejuvenation period has aided in assessing the efficacy of rejuvenation, which is done for the first time in India.

Download Full-text

Using off – set handpumps — a cost-effective method to protect drinking water in rural villages

Waterlines ◽

10.3362/0262-8104.1984.019 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 25-26

Author(s):

Daniel Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Rural Villages ◽

Cost Effective Method

Download Full-text

CAD Of Anticorrosive Protection Of Steel Structures

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2019.09.18-23 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 18-23

Keyword(s):

Protective Coating ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Computational Tool ◽

Protection Method ◽

Cost Effective Method ◽

The Cost ◽

Aided Design

The choice of cost-effective method of anticorrosive protection of steel structures is an urgent and time consuming task, considering the significant number of protection ways, differing from each other in the complex of technological, physical, chemical and economic characteristics. To reduce the complexity of solving this problem, the author proposes a computational tool that can be considered as a subsystem of computer-aided design and used at the stage of variant and detailed design of steel structures. As a criterion of the effectiveness of the anti-corrosion protection method, the cost of the protective coating during the service life is accepted. The analysis of existing methods of steel protection against corrosion is performed, the possibility of their use for the protection of the most common steel structures is established, as well as the estimated period of effective operation of the coating. The developed computational tool makes it possible to choose the best method of protection of steel structures against corrosion, taking into account the operating conditions of the protected structure and the possibility of using a protective coating.

Download Full-text

Using Bayesian network models to incorporate uncertainty in the economic analysis of pollution abatement measures under the water framework directive

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2005.0054 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 95-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D.N. Barton ◽

T. Saloranta ◽

T.H. Bakken ◽

A. Lyche Solheim ◽

J. Moe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

At Risk ◽

Economic Valuation ◽

Pollution Abatement ◽

Network Models ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Bayesian Belief Networks ◽

Probabilistic Interpretation ◽

Belief Networks ◽

Benefit Cost Analysis

The evaluation of water bodies “at risk” of not achieving the Water Framework Directive's (WFD) goal of “good status” begs the question of how big a risk is acceptable before a programme of measures should be implemented. Documentation of expert judgement and statistical uncertainty in pollution budgets and water quality modelling, combined with Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian belief networks, make it possible to give a probabilistic interpretation of “at risk”. Combined with information on abatement costs, a cost-effective ranking of measures based on expected costs and effect can be undertaken. Combined with economic valuation of water quality, the definition of “disproportionate cost” of abatement measures compared to benefits of achieving “good status” can also be given a probabilistic interpretation. Explicit modelling of uncertainty helps visualize where research and consulting efforts are most critical for reducing uncertainty. Based on data from the Morsa catchment in South-Eastern Norway, this paper discusses the relative merits of using Bayesian belief networks when integrating biophysical modelling results in the benefit-cost analysis of derogations and cost-effectiveness ranking of abatement measures under the WFD.

Download Full-text

Two-stage chemical-biological treatment at Thessaloniki greater area WWTP - experiences and potentials

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0672 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 32 (9-10) ◽

pp. 75-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. D. Andreadakis ◽

G. H. Kristensen ◽

A. Papadopoulos ◽

C. Oikonomopoulos

Keyword(s):

Biological Treatment ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Primary Treatment ◽

Effective Control ◽

Two Stage ◽

Effluent Quality ◽

Filamentous Microorganisms ◽

Sludge Settling ◽

The City

The wastewater from the city of Thessaloniki is discharged without treatment to the nearby inner part of the Thessaloniki Gulf. The existing, since 1989, treatment plant offers only primary treatment and did not operate since the expected effluent quality is not suitable for safe disposal to the available recipients. Upgrading of the plant for advanced biological treatment, including seasonal nitrogen removal, is due from 1995. In the mean time, after minor modifications completed in February 1992, the existing plant was put into operation as a two-stage chemical-biological treatment plant for 40 000 m3 d−1, which corresponds to about 35% of the total sewage flow. The operational results obtained during the two years operation period are presented and evaluated. All sewage and sludge treatment units of the plant perform better than expected, with the exception of the poor sludge settling characteristics, due to severe and persistent bulking caused by excessive growth of filamentous microorganisms, particularly M. Parvicella. Effective control of the bulking problem could lead to more cost-effective operation and increased influent flows.

Download Full-text

Detection of enteroviruses in marine waters by direct RT-PCR and cell culture

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1995.0635 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 31 (5-6) ◽

pp. 323-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. A. Reynolds ◽

C. P. Gerba ◽

I. L. Pepper

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification ◽

Cost Effective ◽

The United States ◽

Water Runoff ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Marine Waters ◽

Storm Water Runoff ◽

Routine Monitoring ◽

Reaction Amplification

Sewage outfalls and storm water runoff introduces pathogenic human enteric viruses into marine coastal waters, which may pose a potential public health risk. Although members of the enterovirus group have been suggested as possible indicators of sewage pollution in marine waters, the lack of rapid, sensitive and cost effective methods have prevented routine monitoring in the United States. This study compared traditional cell culture and direct RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) amplification for detection of an enterovirus. Poliovirus could be recovered from 100 L of artificial seawater with an average efficiency of 77%, using adsorption and elution from electronegative filters. Viruses were eluted from the filters with 1.5% beef extract for viruses (BEV) adjusted to pH 9.5 and reconcentrated by organic flocculation to a volume of 30 mL. Substances which interfered with detection by RT-PCR were removed by treatment of the concentrates with sephadex and chelex resins. Direct RT-PCR could detect 2.5 and 0.025 PFU (plaque forming units) for single (25 cycles) and double PCR (2 × 25 cycles) in 10 μL of pure culture poliovirus samples, respectively. These methods are currently being applied to assess the occurrence of enteroviruses at marine bathing beaches influenced by sewage discharges.

Download Full-text