Residual Stress Measurement of Industrial Polymers by X-Ray Diffraction

In this study, residual stresses in polyamide (PA) materials were measured by the x-ray stress measurement technique. X-ray stress measurement is widely used to measure residual stresses, however, this measurement is not many used in polymeric materials. There are two problems for measuring residual stresses in polymer. Firstly, the diffraction peak from the polymer appears at the low 2θangle region. Thus the measurement accuracy for strains reduces. Secondly, the low 2θangle region is very difficult to use the sin2ψmethod. In this study,Ω-diffractometer with transmission method was used to resolve these problems. The measured data was plotted in thed-sin2ψdiagram, and it was coincident with the linear regression line clearly. X-ray elastic constant (XEC) of PA was estimated from these results.

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Residual Stress Measurement Of High Molecular Matter By Transmission X-Ray Diffraction

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.381 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 681 ◽

pp. 381-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Masashi Kitamura ◽

Nishida Masayuki ◽

Hanabusa Takao

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Regression Line ◽

Polymeric Materials ◽

Residual Stress Measurement ◽

Stress Distributions ◽

Transmission Method ◽

X Ray

In this study, the residual stresses in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were measured using an x-ray stress measurement technique. There have been few reports published of residual stress investigations in polymeric materials by x-ray stress measurements based on conventional x-ray reflection methods. There are two problems associated with this measurement. Firstly, the diffraction peaks of the polymer in the low 2q angle region and therefore the measurement accuracy for strains reduces. Secondly, the low 2q angle region makes it extremely difficult to use the sin2ψmethod. In the present study we tried to use a transmission method for measuring the residual stress in HDPE sample to resolve these problems. The HDPE sample is shaped into thin sheets which have the three kinds of crystallinity degrees. The measured data is fitted with a good linear regression line in a d-sin2ψdiagram and gradient of the regression line corresponded to the applied stress. On the other hand, the results of the residual stress measurement are deeply associated with degrees of the crystallinity in the HDPE material. The quantitative estimation of crystallinity degrees in the HDPE material was accomplished by a sink-float method. The residual stress distributions were discussed between micro-residual stresses in the crystal phase of HDPE with the amorphous phase of it. Finally, x-ray elastic constant (XEC) of HDPE was estimated and the Initial residual stresses were also measured by use of this XEC parameter.

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X-Ray Diffraction Measurement of Residual Stresses in Thick, Multi-Pass Steel Weldments

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology ◽

10.1115/1.3264432 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 107 (2) ◽

pp. 185-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. O. Ruud ◽

R. N. Pangborn ◽

P. S. DiMascio ◽

D. J. Snoha

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Measurement Accuracy ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Residual Stress Measurement ◽

Stress Fields ◽

Diffraction Measurement ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Removal Technique

A unique X-ray diffraction instrument for residual stress measurement has been developed that provides for speed, ease of measurement, accuracy, and economy of surface stress measurement. Application of this instrument with a material removal technique, e.g., electropolishing, has facilitated detailed, high resolution studies of three-dimensional stress fields. This paper describes the instrumentation and techniques applied to conduct the residual stress measurement and presents maps of the residual stress data obtained for the surfaces of a heavy 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo steel plate weldment.

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Wheel Rim Axial Residual Stress and a Proposed Mechanism for Vertical Split Rim Formation

ASME 2011 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/rtdf2011-67024 ◽

2011 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cameron Lonsdale ◽

John Oliver

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Axial Stress ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Axial Residual Stress ◽

Railroad Wheels ◽

Hoop Stresses ◽

Future Work

Railroad wheels are manufactured with beneficial residual compressive hoop stresses, which are imparted by rim quenching and tempering. Hoop and radial residual stresses for wheels have been studied in detail by various organizations over the years and are relatively well characterized. However axial residual stresses, in the orientation across the rim width from back rim face to front rim face, have not been extensively investigated. This paper describes a failure mode known as a vertical split rim (VSR) and describes efforts to measure the axial residual stresses in, 1) new wheels, 2) service worn wheels and 3) wheels that have failed from VSRs. Initial axial residual stress measurement efforts, using core drilling and x-ray diffraction from the tread surface, are briefly reviewed. Further more extensive work using x-ray diffraction to measure axial residual stress on radial wheel slices is described and data are presented, focusing on differences between the three wheel types. The concept of Axial Stress Amplification (ASA) is outlined, and the relationship of axial residual stress to VSRs is discussed. A proposed mechanism for VSR formation is described. Future work, with a goal of reducing or eliminating VSRs in service, is considered.

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Precision X-Ray Stress Analysis of Uranium and Zirconium

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800000896 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 331-336

Author(s):

B. J. Wooden ◽

Lt. E. C. House ◽

R. E. Ogilvie

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

Stress Analysis ◽

Peak Position ◽

Diffraction Peak ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Least Squares Fit ◽

Order Polynomial ◽

Desk Calculator

AbstractThe feasibility of using X-ray diffraction methods to measure residual stresses in uranium and zirconium (Zircaloy-2) was investigated. A precision method was developed for the determination of diffraction peak positions and the precision associated therewith. The statistical tables of Fisher and Yates were used to determine what order polynomial provided the best least squares fit within the known precision of the observed data. It was found that a second-order polynomial provided an adequate regression. With the aid of a desk calculator less than 5 min calculation time is required to determine the peak position to a precision of ±0.01°.The stress constant for uranium was determined to be 1308 ± 110 psi/0.01° shift in Δ2θ for copper radiation on the (116) planes at 2θ = 158.3°. The stress constant for Zircaloy-2 was determined to be 430 ± 1 psi/0.01° shift in Δ2θ for chromium radiation on the (10,4) planes at 2θ = 156.4°.

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X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Residual Stresses in the Premium Rails Welded by Flash Butt Process

Soldagem & Inspeção ◽

10.1590/0104-9224/si25.29 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

Author(s):

Bras Senra de Oliveira ◽

Lino Alberto Soares Rodrigues ◽

Ednelson Silva Costa ◽

Eduardo de Magalhães Braga ◽

Marcos Allan Leite dos Reis

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Surface Hardness ◽

Welding Process ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Butt Welding ◽

X Ray ◽

Compressive Stresses ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Welding Technique

Abstract: This work is distinguished by searching for a non-destructive technology, and X-ray diffraction was validated by the XStress 3000 analyser. Measurements of residual stresses in the welded zone of premium pearlitic rails was performed, rail surface hardness of 370 HB and 0.79% carbon content. The welding of the rails was done by flash butt process, performed by Schlatter GAAS 80 stationary equipment. The results of the tensile and compressive stress measurements identified the residual stresses in the welded zone, with specific zones of tensile stresses misplaced at the weld center, with values up to 391 MPa, and compressive stresses, with values up to -166 MPa, as it moves away rails weld center. An important point of this study is the residual stress measurement considering a complete welding process, including: pre-grinding, flash butt welding, heat treatment, finishing grinding and straightening. Lastly, was observed the welding technique potentially can induce residual stresses at rails.

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Investigation of Residual Stress in Green Compacts of Metal Powder Using X-Ray Diffraction

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.461 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 554-556 ◽

pp. 461-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rui Zhou ◽

Lian Hong Zhang ◽

Yu Hong Liu

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

American Standard ◽

Compaction Processes ◽

Compacting Pressure

Residual stresses in green compacts have a significant influence on the quality of the compact and post-compaction processes like part handling. In this study, the latest European and American standard for residual stress measurement by X-ray diffraction have been used to obtain more exact residual stresses in surface of green compacts as experimental evidence for simulation. The influence of kinds of powders, compacting pressure and friction on residual stresses in green compact has been studied.

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X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Residual Stress Measurement in NiCrMo Alloy Weld Metal

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering ◽

10.1155/2018/8986423 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vladimir Ivanovitch Monine ◽

João da Cruz Payão Filho ◽

Rodrigo Stohler Gonzaga ◽

Elisa Kimus Dias Passos ◽

Joaquim Teixeira de Assis

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Residual Stresses ◽

Weld Metal ◽

Welded Joint ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Steel Wire ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Wire Brushing ◽

Alloy Weld

In the present work, residual stresses in nickel-based (Ni 625) superalloy weld metal of a 9%Ni steel-welded joint were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This technique presents some difficulties in performing measurements in coarse and preferentially oriented weld metal microstructures. It is proposed a preliminary surface treatment by rotating steel wire brushing to perform the stress analysis through XRD technique possible for this kind of material. Stress measurements with proposed XRD technique showed that the stress state in Ni 625 weld metal on the outside surface of the welded joint is characterised by tensile stresses in the transverse and longitudinal directions, while compressive transverse and tensile longitudinal residual stresses are developed in the root pass region.

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X-ray Residual Stress Measurement of Ground Surface of Metal-Ceramic Composite

Advances in X-ray Analysis ◽

10.1154/s0376030800014993 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 679-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zenjiro Yajima ◽

Yukio Hirose ◽

Yoichi Kishi ◽

Kaisuke Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Residual Stresses ◽

Ceramic Composite ◽

Stress Measurement ◽

Ground Surface ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Metal Ceramic ◽

Grinding Conditions ◽

Machine Parts

Machine parts made of ceramics are usually finished by grinding. Residual stresses as well as defects introduced by grinding will influence the fracture strength and the function of the ceramic parts. Although several investigators measured the grinding residual stresses by the X-ray diffraction method, their grinding conditions were rather limited.

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