A Comparison of the Behaviour of Spruce Wood and Polyolefins during the Test on the Cone Calorimeter

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 4280-4287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Martinka ◽  
Emília Hroncová ◽  
Tomáš Chrebet ◽  
Karol Balog
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Spruce Wood

This article deals with comparison of the behaviour of spruce wood and polyolefins (polyethylene PE and polypropylene PP) during the test on the cone calorimeter. Samples were tested on the cone calorimeter at heat flux of 20 and 40 kW/m2. An evaluation of the behaviour of examined materials was based on the determination of the maximum and the average heat release rate, yield of carbon monoxide (CO), and relative comparison of tendency to fire propagation in a flashover phase. The tendency of materials to fire propagation in the flashover phase was evaluated based on the Pearson ́s correlation, the Spearman ́s correlation and the Kendall ́s correlation coefficient of HRR-CO and CO2-CO. Spruce wood showed better properties in comparison with PE and PP in all evaluated parameters (the maximum and the average heat release rate, the yield of CO, and also the resistance to fire propagation in the flashover phase. Additionally, spruce wood showed significantly lower sensitivity of dependence of the maximum and also the average heat release rate on external heat flux.

scholarly journals Fire Behavior of Thermally Thin Materials in Cone Calorimeter

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1297
Author(s):  
Marouane El El Gazi ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Marcos Batistella ◽  
Shantanu Basak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Sample Weight ◽  
Effective Heat ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion

In this study, a representative set of thermally thin materials including various lignocellulosic and synthetic fabrics, dense wood, and polypropylene sheets were tested using a cone calorimeter at different heat fluxes. Time-to-ignition, critical heat flux, and peak of heat release rate (pHRR) were the main parameters considered. It appears that the flammability is firstly monitored by the sample weight. Especially, while the burning rate of thermally-thin materials does never reach a steady state in cone calorimeter, their pHRR appears to be mainly driven by the fire load (i.e., the product of sample weight and effective heat of combustion) with no or negligible influence of textile structure. A simple phenomenological model was proposed to calculate the pHRR taking into account only three parameters, namely heat flux, sample weight, and effective heat of combustion. The model allows predicting easily the peak of heat release rate, which is often considered as the main single property informing about the fire hazard. It also allows drawing some conclusions about the flame retardant strategies to reduce the pHRR.

Influence of grammage on heat release rate of polypropylene fabrics

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Hernandez ◽  
Rodolphe Sonnier ◽  
Stéphane Giraud
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Time To Ignition ◽  
Moderate Change

The flammability of nine polypropylene fabrics or sheets has been tested using cone calorimeter at various heat fluxes (25, 35, 50, and 75 kW/m2) in order to assess the relevance of this fire test for thermally thin materials. The chosen procedure uses a grid and allows maintaining a constant exposed surface during the test, except for the lightest fabric. The structure of the knitted fabrics has a relatively small influence on the main flammability parameters. On the contrary, the area density of the sample (from 218 to 5729 g/m2) impacts strongly the time to ignition, the peak of heat release rate, and the increase in heat release rate after ignition (fire growth rate). At a fixed heat flux, thicker is the sample, higher are the time to ignition and the peak of heat release rate and lower is the fire growth rate. Moreover, thick samples exhibit the highest sensitivity of peak of heat release rate and the lowest sensitivity of fire growth rate to heat flux. This study emphasizes the fact that a moderate change in weight may have a significant influence on cone calorimeter results, without any significance on real flammability.

Cone Calorimeter Analysis on the Fire-Resistant Properties of FRW Fire-Retardant Particleboard

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 2142-2145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Tao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
High Increase

The fire-resistant properties of FRW fire-retardant particleboard and untreated particleboard had been measured under a heat flux of 75 kW/m2 by cone calorimeter (CONE). Through the compare between FRW fire-retardant particleboard and untreated particleboard, the influence on the particleboard by FRW fire retardant had been indicated. The results showed that the indexes of heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and efficient heat combustion (EHC) etc of FRW fire-retardant particleboard were obviously reduced contrast to the ordinary particleboard, but the char-forming rate had a high increase.

scholarly journals Research on combustion performance of PVC foam in fire propagation apparatus

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 01034
Author(s):  
Guoan Zhang ◽  
Lingling Wei ◽  
Junhao Gao ◽  
Tingting Qiu ◽  
Rongnan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Fire Propagation

Polyvinyl chloride foam (PVC) is widely used as the wall materials of the high-speed train. The combustion characteristics of PVC foam under the heat fluxes of 20-60 kW/m2 are investigated by fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA). The results show that the ignition time of PVC foam decreases with the increase of heat flux. The peak of heat release rate, mass loss rate and smoke production rate increase with the increase of heat flux. Under the condition of 60 kW/m2, the heat release rate has the peak value of 109.10 kW/m2. The research on the combustion characteristics of the PVC can be used to analyse the fire risk of the train and guide the formulation of safety measures.

Heat release rate determination of pool fire at different pressure conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuju Ma ◽  
Jiachen Chen ◽  
Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Pool Fire

Fire Properties of Elephant Grass Fiber and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ramanaiah ◽  
A.V. Ratna Prasad ◽  
K. Hema Chandra Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Average Heat ◽  
Fire Properties

Natural fiber composites (NFC) and glass fiber composites (GFC) have been prepared by incorporating elephant grass fibers and glass fibers in to polyester matrix via hand layup technique. In this study, the fire properties of composites have been evaluated by cone calorimeter. The addition of elephant grass fiber has effectively reduced the average heat release rate (Av. HRR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) of the matrix by 28 %, and 36 %, respectively. Maximum average heat rate emission and carbon monoxide yield of the bio composites decrease substantially compared with that of matrix. However, average carbon dioxide yield, and total smoke release values of matrix are slightly increased with the addition of the elephant grass fiber. The NFC ignites earlier, release greater levels of heat when compared with that of GFC. Average HRR, PHRR and THR values of NFC are about 39%, 71% and 38% greater than those of GFC, respectively. Further, theoretical models were used to predict time to flashover and FO classification of composites.

DNS of Flame-Wall Interaction and Heat Transfer in a Constant Volume Vessel

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Tsunemi ◽  
Yoshihiro Horiko ◽  
Masayasu Shimura ◽  
Naoya Fukushima ◽  
Seiji Yamamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Constant Volume ◽  
Wall Interaction

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent hydrogen/air and methane/air premixed flames in a rectangular constant volume vessel have been conducted with considering detailed kinetic mechanism to investigate flame behaviors and heat losses. For the hydrogen cases, since heat release rate increases with pressure rise due to dilatation during combustion in the constant vessel, heat flux on a wall also increases. For the methane cases, the pressure increase does not raise wall heat flux significantly because of the decrescence of heat release rate caused by thermo-chemical reaction near a wall. Pressure waves caused by wall reflection fluctuate flame propagation for the hydrogen flames. Flame displacement speed decreases remarkably at the moment when the pressure wave passes through flame fronts from unburnt side to burnt side. However, the turbulent burning velocity at that time does not decrease because of increases of fluid velocity normal to the flame fronts.

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