Reduction Behaviour of Iron Ores by Agricultural Waste Chars

2015 ◽  
Vol 819 ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Farhana Diyana Mohd Yunos ◽  
Nor Athirah Aziz ◽  
Anis Nadhirah Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Asri Idris
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Coke Coal ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Ore Minerals

Iron and steelmaking are two of the largest energy intensive industries with the highest growth rate in energy consumption of all energy utilisation sectors. In order to meet the growing greenhouse challenges, incorporation of renewable resources to the existing and emerging metallurgical operation are desirable. In this respect, agricultural wastes can be potentially applied as fuel for ironmaking process to stabilise the greenhouse emissions as it is renewable and CO2neutral. Thus, the present study investigates the reduction behavior of iron ore minerals and growth of metallic iron in reduction process. The process was utilized palm shells char (pyrolyzed) as reducing agent at high temperature (1000°C) with inert gas oxygen within 2 hours of reduction reactions. Reducing agent plays a vital role in the reduction process where metallic iron was produced. After the reduction for sample mass ratio of 30:70 palm char over iron ore blend. Metallic iron produced was detected by XRD pattern as well as the other oxides through SEM/EDS analysis. The result indicates that palm shells char can be used as reducing agent by producing metallic iron effectively. The beneficial effect on the environment through decrease use of coke/coal consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in steelmaking process.

Influence of Reduction Temperatures on Reduction of FeO-Containing Slag by Agricultural Waste

2017 ◽  
Vol 888 ◽  
pp. 441-446
Author(s):  
Anis Nadhirah Ismail ◽  
Nur Farhana Diyana Mohd Yunos ◽  
Shamsul Baharin Jamaludin ◽  
Muhammad Asri Idris ◽  
Mohd Hakim Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Reduction Behavior ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Eaf Slag

Generally, the conventional carbon sources such coke/coal are used in EAF steelmaking attributed the highest growth rate in energy consumption. A substitute routes striving to improve energy efficiency by providing auxiliary sources is essential. The unique features such high carbon content, surface area, porosity and low sulphur was available in agricultural waste clearly have the potential to be used as reducing agent in steelmaking process. The present study investigated the reduction behavior of EAF slag and production of metallic iron by reduction process. The carbon materials, coke and palm char (pyrolyzed via chemical activation) were used as reducing agent composite with EAF slag respectively. The reduction reaction was conducted in horizontal tube furnace at different reduction temperatures (1250°C, 1350°C, 1450°C and 1550°C) under argon gas (flow rate 0.01L/min) within 20 minutes. The reduced sample was examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to understand the reduction behavior of both composite samples. Palm char showed more efficient due to improvement in degree of FeO reduction which was 57.72% compared to coke, 26.72%. The phase movement from iron oxide to iron was influenced by the reduction temperatures. XRD pattern revealed that the metallic iron was initiating appeared at temperature 1250°C and completely reduced at temperature of 1550°C . Predominant peak of metallic iron and the other oxides was clarified by EDS spectra. This study found that palm char has viability to be used as carbon sources in steelmaking applications.

Thermodynamic study of reduction process of Bapy deposit iron ore concentrate by coal of Karazhyra deposit

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-271
Author(s):  
I. A. Rybenko ◽  
B. A. Edil’baev ◽  
O. I. Nokhrina ◽  
I. D. Rozhikhina ◽  
E. V. Protopopov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Coal Consumption ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
Iron Ore Concentrate

In modern ferrous metallurgy, direct reduction of iron from iron ore materials is becoming increasingly common. In order to assess the feasibility of using a particular technology, it is necessary to obtain information on the reduction processes of iron oxides. Taking into consideration that experimental research is usually expensive, a computational experiment is optimal, which allows to draw conclusions about the behavior of the studied objects on the basis of modeling high-temperature processes in complex thermodynamic systems with physicochemical transformations under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. As a modeling tool, the Terra software complex created at the Moscow State Technical University named after N. E. Bauman was used. As a result of thermodynamic studies boundaries of redox processes are identified and optimal temperature and consumption of reducing agent were determined, which provide maximum degree of iron reduction. The results of simulation of iron reduction process from iron ore concentrate obtained during concentration of iron ore of Bapy deposit, by coal of Karazhyra deposit (Kazakhstan) are presented. Dependencies of composition and volume of gas phase, formed as a result of volatile coal components emission in the process of heating, degree of iron reduction at various coal consumption rates on the temperature was established. It was found that the complete reduction of iron occurs at a coal consumption of 25 kg/100 kg of concentrate and a temperature of 1013 K, and the further increase in the consumption of the reducing agent leads only to a change in the ratio of CO and SO2 in the gas phase towards a decrease in the oxidative potential and an increase in the temperature of completion of the reducing process.

scholarly journals Phase change of iron ore reduction process using EFB as reducing agent at 900-1200°C

2018 ◽  
Vol 342 ◽  
pp. 012054
Author(s):  
H Purwanto ◽  
H M Salleh ◽  
A N Rozhan ◽  
A S Mohamad ◽  
A Zakiyuddin
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Ore Reduction ◽  
Iron Ore Reduction

scholarly journals Review and Thermodynamic Calculation of Gas-based Shaft Furnace Direct Reduction Ironmaking

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 01032
Author(s):  
Weiming Luo
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Calculation ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Shaft Furnace ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Reduction Degree

Different techniques have been used to study the reduction process of iron ore. In this paper, the reduction process of iron ore by CO at 200~1200°C is calculated. The effects of reducing agent overdose, reducing temperature and VCO2/(VCO+VCO2) on reducing degree were studied. The results show that the reduction degree increases with the increase of reducing agent and slows down gradually. During the reduction process, the reduction degree decreased significantly with the increase of VCO2/(VCO+VCO2). In this temperature segment, the reduction degree has a peak.

scholarly journals Model for the approximate assessment of nitrogen content in swollen reduced iron ore from single measurements

Athenea ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Oscar Dam G.
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Iron ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Extractive Metallurgy ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Iron Formation ◽  
Iron Oxide Particles ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Iron Ore Pellets ◽  
Ore Pellets ◽  
Institute Of Technology

A method of calculation has been derived to assess the nitrogen estimated content in iron reduced samples. The method is based on the review of observations and laboratory measurements of relationships between the rate of reduction and the corresponding metallic iron formation during the reduction process. The metallic iron formation has been calculated from relationships that apply to a wide variety of types of ores undergoing reduction under a nitrogen-containing gas mixture in proportions above 50% by volume. The empirical correlations found between the rates of metallization, the sample swelling index, and the equilibrium nitrogen solubility in iron can be used for determined the approximate final content of nitrogen in the reduced samples from the estimated and measured final volume of the reduced specimens. It is necessary to have an accurate analysis of the starting sample as well as the reducibility information. Keywords: Iron ore, nitriding, catastrophic swelling, rate of metallization, reduction degree. [1]M. Kumar, B. Himanshu & S. Kumar. “Reduction and Swelling of Fired Hematite Iron Ore Pellets by Non−coking Coal Fines for Application in Sponge Ironmaking”. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review- MINER PROCESS EXTR METALL REV. 34. 10.1080/08827508.2012.656776. 2012. [2]I. Mikko, M. Olli, A. Tuomas, V. Ville-Valtteri, K. Jari, P. Timo & F. Timo. “Dynamic and Isothermal Reduction Swelling Behaviour of Olivine and Acid Iron Ore Pellets under Simulated Blast Furnace Shaft Conditions”. ISIJ International. 52. 1257-1265. 10.2355/isijinternational.52.1257. 2012. [3]M. Kumar. “Study of reduction kinectics of iron ore pellets by noncoking coal”. Thesis of Master. National Institute of technology, Rourkela. 2009. [4]O. Dam. “The Influence of Nitrogen on the Swelling Mechanism of Iron Oxides During Reduction”. PhD Thesis .Univ. of London. 1983. [5]O. Dam and J. Jeffes. “Model for the Assessment of Chemical Composition of reduced iron ores from single measurements”. Ironmaking and Steelmaking Journal. Vol. 14, N`5. 1987. [6]O. Dam. “Efecto de la descomposición de gas de amoniaco (NH3) sobre el hinchamiento de óxidos de hierro durante reducción”. UCT Journal. Vol 100, 24. May 2020. [7]R. Agarwal and S. Hembram. “To Study the Reduction and Swelling Behavior Iron Ore Pellets”. BSc. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela. May 2013 [8]Z. Chen , C. Zeilstra , J. Van der Stel , J. Sietsma & Y. Yang. “Review and data evaluation for high-temperature reduction of iron oxide particles in suspension”. Ironmaking & Steelmaking. Vol. 47. N°7. pp. 741-747. 2019.

Carbon Doped Iron Ore Using Palm Kernel Shell

2013 ◽  
Vol 701 ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rusila Zamani Abd Rashid ◽  
Hadi Purwanto ◽  
Hamzah Mohd Salleh ◽  
Mohd Hanafi Ani ◽  
Nurul Azhani Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Green Composite ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Palm Kernel Shell

This paper pertains to the reduction process of local low grade iron ore using palm kernel shell (PKS). It is well known that low grade iron ores contain high amount of gangue minerals and combined water. Biomass waste (aka agro-residues) from the palm oil industry is an attractive alternative fuel to replace coal as the source of energy in mineral processing, including for the treatment and processing of low grade iron ores. Both iron ore and PKS were mixed with minute addition of distilled water and then fabricated with average spherical diameter of 10-12mm. The green composite pellets were subjected to reduction test using an electric tube furnace. The rate of reduction increased as temperature increases up to 900 °C. The Fe content in the original ore increased almost 12% when 40 mass% of PKS was used. The reduction of 60:40 mass ratios of iron ore to PKS composite pellet produced almost 11.97 mass% of solid carbon which was dispersed uniformly on the surface of iron oxide. The aim of this work is to study carbon deposition of PKS in iron ore through reduction process. Utilization of carbon deposited in low grade iron ore is an interesting method for iron making process as this solid carbon can act as energy source in the reduction process.

Separation of aluminium and preparation of powdered DRI from lateritic iron ore based on direct reduction process

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jiang ◽  
L. Yang ◽  
G. Li ◽  
J. Luo ◽  
J. Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Ore ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Direct Reduction Process

scholarly journals Metal reduction by hydrogen from the B2O3-СaO-Ni(Zn, Pb, Cu)O melts thermodynamic modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Vusikhis ◽  
◽  
Evgeny N. Selivanov ◽  
Stanislav N. Tyushnyakov ◽  
Viktor P. Chentsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Thermodynamic Modeling ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Metal Reduction ◽  
Oxide Melt ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Nickel Copper ◽  
Copper Lead

Thermodynamic modeling is used to describe the metal reduction processes by hydrogen from oxide melt in the B2O3-CaO- MeO (Me – Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu) system. Open systems approximation with periodic removal of metal particles and gases from the working melt composition is used in the method. By this work we present the thermodynamic modeling results of metal reduction processes (Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn) by Hydrogen. The reducible metals oxides content in the all melts was 3 mass %, and the mass ratio of B2O3/CaO was taken as 3 to be close to eutectic composition. The calculations made it possible to determine such parameters as oxide melt compositions and elements reduction degree depending on the induced gas quantity. of the Nickel, Copper, Lead and Zinc reduction process simulation from B2O3-CaO-MeO melts proved the reduction process by Hydrogen is similar to that which was earlier established when Carbon monoxide was used as the reducing agent. When Copper is reduced from CuO, the process occurs with intermediate Cu2O oxide formation (CuO → Cu2O → Cu). The Nickel (NiO → Ni), Lead (PbO → Pbs + Pbg) and Zinc (ZnO → Zng) recovery have been realized by one stage. The non-ferrous metals change content in the oxide melt and the degrees of its reduction depending on temperature and reducing agent quantity introduced are described by the second-order polynomial functional equations. Comparison of the Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen used for Nickel, Copper, Lead, and Zinc reducing to 90% metallization degree proved much less Hydrogen consumption.

Research on Exploration of Mineral Processing for a Iron Ore

2015 ◽  
Vol 1094 ◽  
pp. 397-400
Author(s):  
Xian Xie ◽  
Zi Xuan Yang ◽  
Xiong Tong ◽  
Ji Yong Li
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Mineral Processing ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Iron Minerals ◽  
Iron Mineral ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Separation Test

Iron ore minerals are mainly silicate-type iron minerals in raw ore, and its distribution rate was 51.93%; followed by magnetic iron, and its distribution rate was 36.81%; content and distribution rate of other minerals was very low; element grade of iron, phosphorus, sulfur, silica were 11.90%, 0.043%, 0.013% and 45.23%, the main gangue were silica and calcium oxide, recyclable iron minerals mainly is magnetic iron mineral. Due to the grade of iron of raw ore and the amounts of optional magnetite was relatively little, in order to investigate the optional of low-grade ore, weak magnetic separation test and weak magnetic separation tailings-strong magnetic separation test were put into effect.

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