A Contribution to the Treatment of Salt Damage in Historical Buildings

2015 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 127-132
Author(s):  
Iñigo Antepara ◽  
Igor Medveď ◽  
Jaromír Žumár ◽  
Robert Černý
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Porous Building Materials ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Historical Masonry

Salts and water may cause serious damage to historical masonries. Therefore, numerous conservation treatments have been developed by research teams for the consolidation and protection of porous building materials affected by salt attack. Here the focus is on methods for obtaining an effective desalination of historical masonry, indicating their advantages and disadvantages. It is pointed out that cellulose is a favourite material added to poultices used in desalination.

scholarly journals Strategies for Vaccination: Conventional Vaccine Approaches Versus New-Generation Strategies in Combination with Adjuvants

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Abdellatif Bouazzaoui ◽  
Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif ◽  
Faisal A. Al-Allaf ◽  
Neda M. Bogari ◽  
Saied Al-Dehlawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Conventional Vaccine

The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has raised significant economic, social, and psychological concerns. The rapid spread of the virus, coupled with the absence of vaccines and antiviral treatments for SARS-CoV-2, has galvanized a major global endeavor to develop effective vaccines. Within a matter of just a few months of the initial outbreak, research teams worldwide, adopting a range of different strategies, embarked on a quest to develop effective vaccine that could be effectively used to suppress this virulent pathogen. In this review, we describe conventional approaches to vaccine development, including strategies employing proteins, peptides, and attenuated or inactivated pathogens in combination with adjuvants (including genetic adjuvants). We also present details of the novel strategies that were adopted by different research groups to successfully transfer recombinantly expressed antigens while using viral vectors (adenoviral and retroviral) and non-viral delivery systems, and how recently developed methods have been applied in order to produce vaccines that are based on mRNA, self-amplifying RNA (saRNA), and trans-amplifying RNA (taRNA). Moreover, we discuss the methods that are being used to enhance mRNA stability and protein production, the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, and the challenges that are encountered during the development of effective vaccines.

scholarly journals Desalination of porous building materials by electrokinetics: an NMR study

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Kamran ◽  
Leo Pel ◽  
Alison Sawdy ◽  
Henk Huinink ◽  
Klaas Kopinga
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Porous Building Materials ◽  
Nmr Study

Commonly Used Porous Building Materials: Geomorphic Pore Structure and Fluid Transport

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 1803-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Bo Hu ◽  
Cabot Savidge ◽  
Donna M. Rizzo ◽  
Nancy Hayden ◽  
James W. Hagadorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pore Structure ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Porous Building Materials

scholarly journals Prediction of Steel Corrosion in Porous Building Materials by Means of a New Hygrothermal Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 1299-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Marra ◽  
Daniel Zirkelbach ◽  
Hartwig M. Künzel
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Steel Corrosion ◽  
Porous Building Materials

Microstructure and transport properties of porous building materials

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Quenard ◽  
Ke Xu ◽  
Hartwig M. Künzel ◽  
Dale P. Bentz ◽  
Nicos S. Martys
Keyword(s):  
Transport Properties ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Porous Building Materials

scholarly journals Transient Infrared Measurement of Laser Absorption Properties of Porous Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Andrzej Marynowicz
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Transient Temperature ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Porous Building Materials ◽  
Laser Absorption ◽  
Infrared Measurement ◽  
Heating Up

Abstract The infrared thermography measurements of porous building materials have become more frequent in recent years. Many accompanying techniques for the thermal field generation have been developed, including one based on laser radiation. This work presents a simple optimization technique for estimation of the laser beam absorption for selected porous building materials, namely clinker brick and cement mortar. The transient temperature measurements were performed with the use of infrared camera during laser-induced heating-up of the samples’ surfaces. As the results, the absorbed fractions of the incident laser beam together with its shape parameter are reported.

scholarly journals Consolidation and Strengthening of Historical Masonry by Means of Mineral Grouts: Grout Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionys Van Gemert ◽  
Sven Ignoul ◽  
Kris Brosens ◽  
Eleni-Eva Toumbakari
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Brick Masonry ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Crack Repair ◽  
Historical Masonry

Abstract: Mass consolidation of stone and brick masonry is considered, with exclusion of pure crack repair. Damage and specific failure mechanisms in multiple leaf masonry are presented. The aims of consolidation are explained, and the inherent advantages and disadvantages of distinct strengthening and consolidation techniques are given. An historical overview of consolidation methods and of development of consolidation grout materials is given, which explains how technology evolved to the actual procedures.

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